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" # $ $%&'()*+,../ YN**Y  Y  Y  IDNameAffiliation(~(~*;~((~(~*D~((~(~*H~(YYYY.rDAuthorIDIDPrimaryKey+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++v1+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++;)7wP%b r d i b A  g FmD{OplI*|_,7Ryabokon NInstitute of Genetics Cytology of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minskl6Dubrova YEDepartment Of Genetics. 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`omJmYdb#bJUJkJ\YebJUJkJ\Y0޺O@0޺w?LVAL  @ @ @ @ @Concluded no significant increase in incidence of AML in children in contaminated areas of SwedenData from German CCR reveal no increased incidence of child leuks and other malignancies in the areas of German nuclear reactors and in matched control areas.Europe-wide study showed slight increase in leukemias but concluded these were not from Chernobyl fallout. Still too early to be conclusive.Study of lung cancer deaths in 1,700 Mayak workers exposed to internal and external doses, plus 2,200 exposed only to internal. ERR per unit dose to lung (Wr=20) for Pu at age 60 was 60% per Sv. For gamma, ERR excess lung cancer mortality was 20% per Sv but with large confidence intervals. Suggests a Wr for alpha of 60.Liver cancer mortality risks evaluated in 11,000 Mayak workers. ERR was 17 (95% CI = 8.0- 36) No attempt to quantify bone cancer risks in terms of organ doses from Pu due to poor Pu dosimetryBone cancer mortality risks evaluated in 11,000 Mayak workers. ERR was 7.9, (95% CI = 1.6 to 32) No attempt to quantify bone cancer risks in terms of organ doses from Pu due to poor Pu dosimetryDose effect relationship is complex at low doses: low doses affect the sensitivity of biomacromolecules, and result in serious long-term after-effects. Compared antioxidant properties of blood plasma and cells of 104 Chernobyl relief workers and 34 non exposed persons, six years after Chernobyl, and found major differences. From chromosomedosimetry, average doses to liquidators was 1.5 Gy. Complex dose dependencies at low doses. Different dependencies at different dose ranges. Discussion of dose dependencies at low doses.Cancer registries in Wales (RR = 4.4) and Scotland (RR = 3.7) showed increases in infant leuks in the exposure period following Chernobyl Not able to distinguish between preconception or in utero effects but genetic effect suspected. Estimate an error of ~100 fold in present cancer risks.y9e h H  ] .q0_/u 22 Cancer mortality and morbidity among plutonium workers at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels199979(7/6)(7/6)1268-1301L@ 11 Cancer mortality in relation to monitoring for radionuclide exposure in three UK nuclear industry workforces.199878 (9)1224-1232@ 000Cluster of childhood malignancies around Seascale.1997701314@fZTPJ //The measurement of radioactivity in people living near the Dounreay Nuclear Establishment, Caithness, Scotland.199670 (2)117-130l@ --Uncertainties in fatal cancer risk estimates used in radiation protection. NCRPB report No 126. 1997112@~~x ))Childhood leukaemia in US may have risen due to fallout from Chernobyl.19973141200r@|pje_ ((%Infant leukemia in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident.19983753-55n@maZVP &&&The risk of childhood leukaemia near nuclear establishments.198834@j^ZZT %%%Trends in infant leukaemia in West Germany in relation to in utero exposure due to the Chernobyl accident.19983787-93@ ##Incidence of neoplasms in ages 0-19 y in parts of Sweden with high Cs137 fallout after the Chernobyl accident.199671 (6)947-950X@ Fallout, radiation doses near Dounreay, and childhood leukaemia.1987294603-6-7@xlc^X Trends in childhood leukaemia in the Nordic countries in relation to fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing.19923041005-9*@ Estimates of radiation dose and health risks to the United States population following the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident.198855 (3)533-539@ eAetiology of acute leukemia.1997349344 349@XL?:4 zA20002000d@." zALeukemia in young children in Scotland. Letter to editor.1988630@h\\WQ zAFallout from Chernobyl and incidence of childhood leukemia in Finland, 1976- 92.1994309151-154.@}snh zARisk of acute childhood leukemia in Sweden after the Chernobyl reactor incident.1994309154  157@snh zAPregnancy outcome in Sweden after the Chernobyl accident.199467149-159@pd[WQ zARecent epidemiological studies on ionising radiation and childhood cancer in Germany.199873 (4)377-381<@{sm zAChildhood leukemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow-up.1996721006-1012@xla]W zALung cancer mortality among male nuclear workers of the Mayak facilities in the former Soviet Union.20001543-11@| zALiver cancers in Mayak workers.2000154245-252~@WKB=7 zABone cancers in Mayak workers2000154237-245@UI@;5 4zAMechanisms of biological action of low dose irradiation. in EB Burlakova (ed), Consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe on human health Nova Science Pub1999 @ Increases in leukemia in infants in Wales and Scotland following Chernobyl: Evidence for errors in statutory risk estimates.200011 (2)137-139B@X @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @Z[\]^_`ab c d e f ghijklmnopqrstuvwxy z!{"|#}$~%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~+S YNY  Y Y ( Y | Y |v Y v(Id LValueObjectGuidObjectNameProperty Value|(v|(v|v(|(v|(v|v(|(v|(v|v(|YYYId$ObjectGuidProperty$ObjectNamePropertyHv1b             !)"L#Q$X%  FYk k NY  Y nd Y dIDFirstnameSurname<!<!!<<!<!!<YYY.rCID21PrimaryKeyv1@     @ JomWdikfidqYOQikfoL^YMJmYdbkiQSQiQbMQkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkSdiMQiiYQiQ^JmYdbkWYfkSdiMQiiYQ8JO`YbOJmJJMMQkkfJUQkOJmJLJkQkSdi`k `dOo^Qk iQ^JmYdbkWYfkiQfdimk kMiYfmk kvkiQ^ mJL^Qk+kh+MfoL^YMJmYdbk+kh+MfoL^YkWQiYO+kh+MiQSQiQbMQk+kh+MSdi`JmYO+kh+MiQSQiQbMQk+kh+M`JYbJomWdiYO+kh+MiQSQiQbMQk+kh+MfidqYOQiYO+kh+MiQSQiQbMQk+kh+MfoL^YMJmYdbYO+kh+SJomWdik+kh+SfidqYOQik+kh+SfoL^YMJmYdbk+kh+SiQSQiQbMQk JomWdiiQSQiQbMQ^Yb\k!JomWdik"Sdi`Jmk#\QvsdiOk$`kvkJMMQkkdL[QMmk%`kvkJMMQkku`^&`kvkJMQk`kvkdL[QMmk`kvkhoQiYQk`kvkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkJMMQkk^Jvdom`kvkOLko``JivYbSdokQiOQSYbQOCBusbyRWakeford(Select Provider)ConnectDatabaseDateCreateDateUpdate FlagsForeignNameIdLvLvExtraLvModule LvPropName OwnerParentIdRmtInfoLongRmtInfoShortTypeni""""YYIdParentIdName         lYk k NY  Y Y IDNamePublisherID  YY YYYYY .rDID2PrimaryKeyPublisherID,PublishersPublicationsv1CRnQ-kQ-  Y ,  o V 6  ( m 0 | _ - bAS!C@M j)l@CLondon FOE CAdvanced Gerontological Res' CAberdeen University Press% NRPB M755 Chilton CProc Int Conf IAEA CRockville, Md National Centre for Health Statistics? CSan Francisco W. H. Freeman' CGreen Audit Aberystwith, Occasional Paper 98/4: CProc European Parliament STOA workshop, February 1998. Aberystwyth Green AuditZ CGreen Audit Aberystwith, Occasional Paper 98/2: CGreen Audit Aberystwith, Occasional Paper 98/1: CProc World Conference on Breast Cancer Kingston, Ont@ CGreen Audit Aberystwith, Occasional Paper 96/2: CGreen Audit Aberystwith, Occasional Paper 96/1: CGreen Audit Aberystwith# CGreen Audit Aberystwith, Occasional Paper 96/5: CMSc thesis London Imperial College. CUnpublished report CResults of the STAD/ Green Audit Questionnaire Report 2000/06 Aberystwyth Green Audita CSummary Occasional Paper 2000/4 Aberystwyth Green AuditC CGreen Audit Aberystwith, Occasional Paper 2000/3< CGreen Audit Aberystwith, Occasional Paper 2000/2< CWelsh Office Report A-EMJ28.. An appraisal for Wales Green Party', Aberystwyth Green Audit.g CLancaster University CAERE. HP/R London HMSO" CAERE. C/R.2583 London HMSO& CJ Nuclear Energy CBaltimore: Williams and Wilkins+ CProc Symp House of Commons Aberystwith Green Audit> CSomerset Health Authority% CCambridge University Press& CPhiladelphia: WB Saunders% CJ Nat Cancer Inst CNY Raven Press CPeaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, I (NY UN)5 CLondon Women's Press CComptes Rendu des Seances de .l Academie des Scis@ CSocial Sci Med CMiddlesex Crown Court, 15th Dec+ CHuman Biol CAm J Epidemiol CDoE report No PECD CAm J Human Genetics CCambridge Harvard CNY Academic Press CDoE Report No HMIP/RR91/056. Harwell: AERE6 CJ Radioanal Nuclear Chem$ CEcological Aspects of Radionuclide Release, special pub. No. 3 Brit. Ecol. Soc.[ CProc STOA workshop Brussels' CAgricultural Res Council, Letcombe Laboratory Annual Reports (London HMSO).W Clund Regionala Tumoerregistret Universitetssjukhuset.A CTaunton Hydrographic Office' CAm J Ind Med. CScience CNew Scientist CNature |CNature Medicine {CECLIS Lymphoma Incidence Study* uCPSR/news, 04/2OOO iCInt J Rad Med ^CArch Environ Health NNRPB Rad Prot Bulletin 232& KCJ Epidemiol Com Health" ACRadiat Prot Dosimetry! ?CJ Radiol Prot =CJ Environ Rad 9CInt J Cancer 8CSci Total Environ 3CJ R Statist Soc A 0CB J Rad &CHMS0.ISBN 0 85951 298 3# %CRadiat Environ Biophys" CHealth Phys CThe Lancet CBMJ CEnviron Res CInt J Radiat Biol  CB J Cancer CRadiat Res CNova Sci Pub, Commack NY US' CEnergy and Environ (Not specified)  Q{S%I  h 5  o  N ) s O 0 i E  ^6|^2\?/m>U+|;hCAm J Veterinary Res CSalt Lake City University of Utah Press3 CIn Proc 6th Congress Internat Rad Prot Assoc Oxford PergamonH CHealth Trends C1962-96 Fisheries Res Laboratory (now CEFAS) Lowestoft.C ~CJ Geophysical Res }CUnpublished zCB J Cancer MSS974914 xCAustralian Royal Commission, Doc. 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Health Services5 3CLondon Taylor and Francis% 2CNY Elsevier 1CSan Francisco CNR Books# /CBBC TV, Broadcast on BBC2, 4 Aug, .CSan Francisco Committee for Nuclear Responsibility Nuclear ResponsibilityV +CAnn of Human Genetics! )CDept Environ Report DoE RW/89/108- $NRPB-M752 #Ced Nick Cassidy and Patrick Green (London FoE): "CCurrent Topics in Radiat Res( !CBiochem Biophys Acta  CNew England J Med CProc Nat Acad Sci USA! CJ Embryol Experimental Morphology- CActa Rad, suppl. CProc 2nd Internat Conf Peaceful Uses of Atomic EnergyA CMutation Res NRPB-R298 Chilton COPCS Series DS, No. 11 London HMSO.  CSan Francisco Holder-Day$  COxford University Press#  CMRC CMMD1225; London HMSO% CThe Condor 89: 636 CReports on Public health and Medical Subjects No 125 London HMSOL CNY WR Freeman Cpaper 9 London BNES CDocumentary for Granada TV& CFinal Report. Southampton: University of Southampton Oceanography CentreT CReport 2 Southampton Oceanography Centre: GeoScis Advisory Unit.L CAERE. R.3094 London HMSO$ CAERE. R.3349 London HMSO$ NRPB R.135 CQuart J Royal Metereological Soc, CImperial College Centre for Environ Technology: Cin L. J. De Grott (ed.), Rad Associated Thyroid Carcinoma. NY Gonne and Stratton\ CBEIR V, Washington: National Academy Press6 CCOMARE 4th Report. Wetherby: Dept Health4 CCOMARE 2nd Report London HMSO) CCOMARE 1st Report London HMSO) CAnn Nucl Sci Eng London HMSO CReport HL86/1030 (CI0) AERE' CWelsh Office, Cardiff! CLondon Secker and Warburg% CPlenum Press Italian Commission for Nuclear Alternative Energy SourcesR SuM*p@ \ ?  ~ X ; r < ' q <  O1 S\pN,qM`<u0z5 CLondon Methuen CCardiff Welsh Office CMoscow Atomizdat CReport to the UN General Assembly, suppl.14, A6314> CNY UN CNY UN; E.82.IX.8 CReport to the General Assembly, suppl. 14, N5814 NY UNB CIAEA-SM-224/204 (Vienna: IAEA).+ CProc of a Symp Venice. Int Atomic Energy Authority> CNutrition and Health  CBoca Raton, Fla. CRC Press&  CExperimental Cell Res!  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CONF830951 Washington DCA COxford Blackwell CCmd. 1225 London HMSO! CUK Report AEA-EE-O516, Harwell: AEA/ CUS Atomic Energy Commission Report no. HW74969 Hanford, Wash USAECN  cS^4 { X ;  c H 1 } D ,  ~ R ' } d '  sUQ.|T/[,cHT5C${[;CNRPB R215 CNRPB Doc 12 No 3 CNRPB Doc 4 CNUREG-CR 6571 CNUREG-CR 6555 CNCRP Proc 18 Bethesda MD$ CNova Science Pub Commack NY' CNature Rev Cancer CNat Acad Press Washington% CNature Genet CNat Res Council, Nat Academy Press Washington9 CMicrosc Res Tech ~CMoscow Centre Env Policy$ }CMedizine Verlag |CMethods Enzymol {CMol Cell Biol zCMol Carcinog yCSENMURV Minsk Pravo Economica) xCInt J Cell Cloning wCInt J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med6 vCJ Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol* uCJapan Atomic Energy Inst Tokyo* tCLeukemia sCJSC Med Assoc rCJ Pediatr qCJurnal de Medicina Preventiva) pCJ Pub Health Med oCJ Exp Med nCRadiat Biol mCInt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys( lCICRP Pergamon Oxford kCIARC Press Lyon jCJAMA iCJ Epidemiol Comm Health# hCJ Cancer Res Clin Oncol# gCJ Aerosol Med fCInt J Cancer Suppl eCIAEA-SM-306/29 Vienna! dCFHCRC cCHum Toxicol bCHum Mol Genet aCGenomics `CGenetics _CFree Radic Biol Med ^CFetal Diagn Ther ]CEPA Report 402-R-99-003 Washington DC1 \CEPA Report 402-R-93-076 Washington DC1 [CEur J Immunol ZCGenome Res YCEcologist XCECRR 23 Prospect St Aberystwith SY23 1PU4 WCExp Hematol VCEur J Pub Health UCEur J Nucl Med TCEnviron Health Perspect Suppl 5+ SCExplung Res RCEpidemiol Rev QCBrussels, European Commission EUR 16544 EN6 PCCERRIE OCDigest Dis Sci NCDan Med Bull MCDETR LCClin Pharmaco Kinet KCCurr Top Microbiol Immunol& JCJ Cancer Genet Cytogenet$ ICCancer Causes and Control% HCCell Tissue Res GCBiochem Soc Trans FCCardiff Welsh Office ECBEIR IV DCBerlin Thomas Dersee CCBlood BCBremen Gesellschaft fur Strahlenschutz2 ACBiol Neonate @CBritish Inst Radiol London& ?CArticle 31 Group, Brussels European Commission: >CArch Biochem Biophys =CAWRE <CAnn ICRP ;CAnn Epidemiol :CAm Rev Respir Dis 9CAm J Dis Child 8CActa Schol Med U Kyoto" 7CAdv Radiat biol 6CAdv in Drug Deliv Rev! 5CActa Oncol 4CAdv in Space Res 3CAccident Health Phys 2CAcademic Press San Diego$ 1CAcademic Press NY 0CAbstracts of the 49th Ann Meeting Radiat Res Soc< /CFederal Guidance Report# .United Nations, Vienna" -CIARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humansL &CThe Science of the Total Environment0 %CCancer Epidemiology Research Group Oxford Pages; $CProc Conf Internat Rad Prot Assoc Springfield, Va.: Walter SnyderM #CMenlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings1 !CCarcinogenesis 9RzU0y^6 G +  s S B  V 6  k K * q+u"5\jMnHc |b*US Department of Health and Human Services. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlantp *Avebury *Tarragon Press; Glasgow Scotland, *European Parliament, Science and Technology OA Unit, BrusselsI *Bethesda, NCRP *Medical Physics Publishing. Madison Wisconsin US< *NRPB-R276  *Cell and Tissue Kinetics$ *Wiley. Chichester, UK! *. Policy Document 6/01" *Nature Rev Genet *Cancer Genet Cytogenet" *Hiroshima J Med Sci *Green Audit Aberystwith; Occasional Paper 98/15 < *US ATSDR, Atlanta GA US# *Doc NRPB 12, no 3 *NUReg/CR-6571, EUR 16773, SAND 98-0119 Washington DC, USNRCG *Doc NRPB 4 *Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg> *J Nucl Med *49th Meeting of the Radiat Res Soc / *IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Lyon S *Japan Atomic energy Institute, Tokyo0 *University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA *Four Walls Eight Windows Press. Village Station, New York, NY 10014, USS *Committee for Nuclear Responsibility. San Francisco, California 94101, USV *FhCRC Seattle, WA *Proc Sci Seminar Luxembourg 9 Nov 2000; Article 31 GroupD *Human Genetics *Studies on Medical and Population Subjects, No 53. London, HMSO.L *Penguin Books London UK# *Green Audit, Aberystwyth, Occasional paper 2001/6 > *Green Audit , Aberystwyth, Occasional Paper 2001/7 @ *Green Audit, Aberystwyth, Occasional Paper 2001/12 ? *Green Audit, Aberystwith, 2001/5, *Green Audit, Aberystwyth, Wales, Occasional Paper 2001/13E *Centre for Russian Environmental Policy3 *Nucl Acids Res *The Ecologist *The Women's Press, London E1 UK+ *BJ Cancer *Medicine Conflict and Survival* *Arch Biochem Biophys CU California Press CVCI, Weinheim CWashington US Atomic Energy Commission2 CTwo-Sixty Press, The Woodlands, Texas US4 CDivision of Clinical Sciences, School of Med, Uni LeedsC CWorld Scientific, Singapore' CUNSCEAR Report to Gen Assem with Sci Annexes UN, NY? CUKAEA CToxicol Pathol CTeratol CSpringer Berlin CStrahlentherapie CScience of the Total Environment, CStatist Soc A CSweden Stat Med CRR Statist Soc A CRadioprotection CRadiat Biol Radioecol! CRadiat Prot Management" CRadiology CRadioaktiv Izotopy Organizs, Moscow Medizina8 CReport EUR 11523 Commission of Eur Comm Luxembourg> CPhD Thesis U London CProc R Soc London CProc R Soc Med CProc Soc Exp Biol Med! CPhys Med CPlacenta CPNAS COxford Bios COcc Env Med COncogene CMartinus Nijhoff, Lancaster' CNCRP Report No 135 CNCRP Report No 130 CNCRP Report No 126 CNCRP Report No 80 CNucl Acids Res CNRPB R226 y                                                                                                                   % & 0 3 89=?AKN^iu{| !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ          !!""##$$%)&+'.(/)1*2+3,7-8.:/>0B1C2D3N4O5Q6S7V8W9Y:Z;\<]=b>e?h@iAjBnCoDqEtFuGxHzI}J~KLMNOP      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDE F G HIJKLMNOPQ R!#$%&-./01 2 3 4 5 6789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGH I!J"K#L$M%N&O'P(Q)R*S+T,U-V.W/X0Y1Z2[3\4]5^6_7`8a9b:c;d<e=f>g?h@iAjBkClDmEnFoGpHqIrJsKtLuMvNwOxPyQzR{S|T}U~VWXYZ[\]^_`ab                                  ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q     a9b:c;d<e=f>g?h@iAjBkClDmEnFoGpHqIrJsKtLuMvNwOxPyQzR{S|T}U~VWXYZ[\]^_`ab                                  ! 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States no direct biological evidence exists for an infectious aetiology for childhood leukemia, but 2 major epi case control studies underway in the US(CCG) and the UK.In 12 US states/cities with a pop n of ~50 million, 0.3 increase in children aged <1 (0.06 increase in children aged 1-4) who developed leukemia when before and after Chernobyl rates compared. In Greece where contamination levels were ~100 times higher, the increase factors were 1.6 and 0.1, respectively.Childhood leukemia registrations in Scotland in 1987 were 48 observed vs 35 expected. The younger the children the higher the increase rate. Could not explain this  apparently greatly increased incidence which was continuing in 1988.Relative excess risk per mSv was 7% (not significant): mean dose for 32 yrs after accident was 0.41 mSv and 0.97 mSv for highest 20%. Concluded an important increase in childhood leuk could be excluded.No major effects on pregnancy outcomes from radioactive fallout from Chernobyl. But found a stat sig increase in Down syndrome rate when low fallout areas included. Found small increases in childhood leukemias. Review of UPO reports in Europe.6LVALr HObjective- To obtain further information about the risks of childhood leukaemia after exposure to ionising radiation at low doses and low dose rates before or after birth or to the father's testes shortly before conception. Design-Observational study of trends in incidence of childhood leukaemia in relation to estimated radiation exposures due to fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing during the 1950s and 1960s. Setting-Nordic countries. Subjects-Children aged under 15 years. Main outcome measures-Incidence rates of leukaemia by age at diagnosis, sex, country, and. calendar year of diagnosis or year of birth; exposure category; relation between leukaemia and exposure for children aged 0-14 and 0-4 separately. Results-During the high fallout period the average estimated dose equivalent to the fetal red bone marrow was around 140 microSV and the average annual testicular dose 140 microSV.Estimates both individual and collective doses received by the United States population following the Chernobyl accident have been made by using the data obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System. Radionuclides associated with the debris first were measured in precipitation and surface air particulates at Portland, OR and Olympia, WA on 5 May 1986. lodine-131 was the most consistently measured nuclide in all media, although several Cs and Ru isotopes also were observed. Strontium and any actinides notably were absent from the samples at the lower level of detection. The highest calculated indivudual-organ dose due to intake during May and June 1986 was 0.52 mSv to the infant thyroid in the state of Washington. This was predominantly (98%) from the ingestion of milk.zLVALThe incidence of neoplasms in childhood and adolescence in northern and central Sweden before and after tbe radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl acident was investigated in an ecologic study, 1978 to 1992. The study included all parishes in the six most contaminated counties classified after aeria1 mapping of ground radiation from 137Cs and investigated 746 cases of neoplasms in ages 0-19 y, diagnosed in tbe six counties. Incidence and relative risks of neoplasms were compared in areas with high, intermediate, and low contamination after versus before the Chernobyl accident in 1986. A continuous increase of brain tumor incidence in the ages O-19 y during the period 1978-92 was discovered. No clear relationship between the incidence of brain tumor and the exposure to varying levels or radiation from 137Cs was apparant. A somewhat decreased relative risk of acute lymphatic leukemia appeared in areas with increased exposure.Possible explanations for the recently reported increased incidence of childhood leukaemia around Dounreay were examined in the light of changes in the national incidence of leukaemia that occurred during the period of exposure to fallout from international testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. It was concluded that the increase could not be accounted for by an underestimate of the risk of leukaemia per unit dose of radiation at low doses and low dose rates, One possible explanation was underestimation of doses to the red bone marrow due to the discharges at Dounreay relative to the dose from fallout, though investigation of ways in which this might have occurred did not suggest anything definite Other possible explanations included a misconception of the site of origin of childhood leukaemia, outbreaks of an infectious disease, and exposure to some other, unidentified environmental agent.LVAL8 x Petridou et al. have reported an increase in infant leukemia in Greek children born between 1/7/86 and 31/12/87 and have linked this increase to in utero radiation exposure due to the Chernobyl accident. Subsequently, Michaelis et al. have reported a similar trend for Germany but found that it was not correlated to the levels of contamination. For Belarus, which was much more severely affected, a similar but much weaker trend is found.The NRPB has, over the last three and a half years, published the results of a series of studies giving radiation doses and risks calculated for some of these populations. The studies have all indicated that it is most unlikely that radiation doses arising from releases of radioactive materials into the environment could have contributed to any increase in the leukaemia incidence in the local communities. This report therefore, summarizes the methods used in the analyses by the Board, examines possible sources of uncertainty in the calculations, and considers the extent to which more info is required.A temporary increase in the incidence of infant leukaemia in Greece was reported by Petridou et al., which was attributed to in utero exposure to ionising radiation resulting from the Chernobyl accident. We performed a similar analysis based on the data of the German Childhood Cancer Registry in order to check whether the observation could be confirmed by means of independent data. Applying the same definitions as Petridou et al., we also observed an increased incidence of infant leukaemia in a cohort of children born after the Chernobyl accident. More detailed analyses, regarding areas with different contamination levels and dose rate gradients over time after the accident, showed, however, no clear trend with regard to exposure.|LVALIt is generally well known that the point estimates of the excess lifetime risk of fatal cancer following low dose/low dose rate exposure to ionising radiation are 5 x -2 per Sv for a general population of all ages, and 4 x 10-2 per Sv for adult workers. It is upon these two risk coefficients that radiation protection is principally founded. Until recently, less attention has been paid to the uncertainties associated with these risk estimates, although it is of some importance to have an appreciation of the degree of accuracy associated with them. In the US, the NCRP has recently addressed this issue through a Scientific Committee chaired by Warren Sinclair, with Andre Bouville and Charles Land as members.Although numerous reports have uncovered a sharp rise in the incidence of childhood thyroid cancer starting five years after the accident at Chernobyl in 1986, no increases have been documented for childhood leukaemia. Children aged under 15 years in Belarus, Finland and Sweden  countries hit badly by fallout from the disaster  have shown no significant increases in leukaemia after April 1986. A recent report based on statistics from Greeceuncovered a signigicant excess of leukaemiin children under 1yexposed to fallout in utero  that is, those born in 1986 and 1987  on the basis of 12 cases. However, no leukaemia excess exists for this birth cohort between the ages of 1 and 4 years. Twelve American states and cities with active cancer registries in 1980, representing over 19% of all births in the United States, confirm patterns uncovered by the Greek researchers. Leukaemia rate in children under 1y born 1986-7 was 30% higher than . .LVALLetter.Sir, In a recent letter to this journal, Bewley [I], commenting on the fourth COMARE report [2], stated that there were no actinide measurements in individuals forming a cluster of malignancies. In 1988, the COMARE committee confirmed the existence of a raised incidence of leukaemia in young people living near the Dounreay Nuclear Establishment in Caithness, Scotland [3]. Following a recommendation of the committee, we performed in vivo measurements of americium-241 in the skull together with assays of urinary plutonium-239 and strontium-90 in subjects living near Dounreay [4]. The subjects included children from the leukaemia cluster, their siblings and parents. Local age-matched controls for the leukaemia cluster children were also studied . .The conclusion from the study was that it was unlikely that the observed increased incidence in leukaemia was due to the single factor of personal radioactive contamination from the Dounreay Nuclear Establishment.In 1986, a statistically significant excess of leukaemia was reported in young people living near the Dounreay Nuclear Establishment in northern Scotland. The Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE) confirmed this finding, and concluded that, based on conventional dose and risk estimates, the radioactive discharges from the plant could not be held responsible. However, COMARE, recognizing the uncertainties involved in the dose and risk calculations, recommended that levels of radioactivity should be measured in the general population living near the plant. Alpha-emitting contamination has been measured by urinary 239Pu analysis and 241Am jn-vivo skull measurements in 66 subjects associated with the Dounreay area The findings suggest that it is unlikely that the observed increased incidence in leukaemia is due to the single factor of personal radioactive contamination from the Dounreay Nuclear Establishment.LVALThe mortality of all 14 319 workers employed at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels between 1947 and 1975 was studied up to the end of 1992, and cancer incidence was examined from 1971 to 1986, in relation to their exposures to plutonium and to external radiation. The cancer mortality rate was 5% lower than that of England and Wales and 3% less than that of Cumbria. The significant excesses of deaths from cancer of the pleura and thyroid found in an earlier study persist with further follow-up (14 observed. 40 expected for pleura; 6 observed, 2.2 expected for thyroid). All of the deaths from pleural cancer were among radiation workers. For neither site was there a significant association between the risk of the cancer and accumulated radiation dose. There were significant deficits of deaths from cancers of mouth and pharynx, liver and gall bladder, and larynx and leukaemia when compared with the national rates.Cancer mortality in 40,761 employees of three UK nuclear industry facilities who had been monitored for external radiation exposure was examined according to whether they had also been monitored for possible internal exposure to tritium, plutonium or other radionuclides (uranium, polonium, actinium or other unspecified). Death rates from cancer were compared both with national rates and with rates in radiation workers not monitored for exposureto any radionuclides. Among workers monitored for tritium exposure, overall cancer mortality was significantly below national rates [standardised mortality ratio (SMR) = 83,165 deaths; 2P = 0.02] and none of the cancer-specific death rateswas significantly above either the national average or rates in non-monitored workers.. .Further investigations of the relationship between radionuclide exposure and cancer in nuclear industry workers are needed.LVAL At present, the problem of influence of low-dose irradiation on living objects is of both theoretical interest and practical significance. It becomes increasingly acute not only for people working at nuclear plants and power stations or living nearby but also for millions of people who are several thousand kilometers far from the sites of nuclear accidents. This is why, the Chernobyl catastrophe has become a matter of great attention of scientists scientists not only of the Former Soviet Union but also of Europe, Asia, America, and Australia. Radiobiologists have accumulated a bulk of knowledge of the action of high doses of ionizing radiation on biomacromolecules, cells, and organisms but still there are no sufficient data available nor theoretical concepts of the impact of a technogenic increase in a background radiation (e.g., twice to four times as high) on living nature.An alarming report from an environmental pressure group raised concerns about childhood leukaemia and the Irish Sea. In response, this ecological study explores the hypotheses that childhood cancer rates are increased by living near the coast of Wales especially in the north, and in particular near estuaries and mud-flats. Using Poisson regression to adjust for possible confounding variables, no evidence was found for a coastline proximity effect at the level of census wards (5 km). ). Moreover the rates were significantly lower near estuaries than for the rest of the coast, but there was a small but non-significant increase near mud-flats. Case-control modelling of postcoded cases living within the coastal wards using Stone's method also failed to detect any monotonic reduction in relative risk near the coastline.(N 5  H D W WɰA.8YF Low-level radiation and cancer deaths198038(4)716-20^RJC= Radiation exposures of Hanford workers: a critique of the Mancuso, Stewart and Kneale report197835(6)743-50zt Enter title here2003....( LL%zAChildhood leukemia in Belarus before and after the Chernobyl accident: Continued follow-up200140259-267 @+|xr KKKzAThe incidence of childhood leukaemia around the La Hague nuclear waste reprocessing plant (France): a survey for the years 1978-1998.200155469-474>@* JJzAAccelerator mass spectrometry for the detection of ultra-low levels of plutonium in urine, including that excreted after the ingestion of Irish Sea sediments.1999152S16-S18@* I&zAThe risk of leukaemia in Seascale from radiation exposure. Poster Presentation198855 (2)471-481>@)}tlf HHzARadiological protection and the lymphatic system: the induction of leukaemia consequent upon the internal irradiation of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes and the gastrointestinal tract wall.198955 (1)129-140@@) GGAzATransfer of polonium, neptunium, plutonium and americium to the primate foetus.199879 (1-4)(1-4) 303-306@(wmg FFAzAThe plutonium content of human fetal tissue and implications for fetal dose.199455 (I)49-55@(yrjd EE8zAScience and trans-science in radiation risk assessment: child cancer around the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield, UK.198653201-2168@' DDzALeukaemia and Sellafield.1984Letter@'K??71 C<zALeukaemia and Sellafield1984Letter@&J>>60 BBzASellafield, Seascale and stem cells. Letter1984171161x@&_SMIC A>AzAIsotopic composition of plutonium in human tissue samples determined by mass spectrometry.198926 (1/4)313-316@%xr ???zATransfer across the human gut of environmental plutonium, americium, cobalt, caesium and technetium: studies with cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from the Irish Sea.199818 (2)101-109*@$ >>8zAPlutonium and Cs137 in autopsy tissues in Great Britain198870321-334@$nbYUO ===zAMass-spectrometric analysis of plutonium in soils near Sellafield.1990121-12@#vjd`Z <<8zADeposition of actinides in the vicinity of Sellafield, Cumbria: accounting for historical discharges to atmosphere from the plant.1996183213-229P@# ;;zAInfection, childhood leukaemia and the Seascale cluster.-@#^RRRP ::3zAThe assessment of risk of radiation-induced childhood leukaemia in the vicinity of nuclear installations.1989152 (3)327-3398@" 999zACancer consequences of the Chernobyl accident in Europe outside the former USSR: A Review199667343-352@"{wq 888zAEmissions from Sellafield and activities in soil.1996177259-280@!i]TOI 7FzAUse of human data to validate model predictions.-P@!VJJJH 44Consequences of the Chernobyl catastrophe on human health.1999@dXXXR 333An ecological investigation of the incidence of cancer in Welsh children for the period 1985-1994 in relation to residence near the coastline.2001164 (1)29-43t@LVAL The discharges of radioactivity from the Windscale piles and other installations at Sellafield remain a matter of concern, though 30 or 40 years have elapsed since most of the emissions occurred. New data on emissions and activities in soil have become available in the past few years. They are reviewed, together with the older data, with particular reference to the emissions of irradiated uranium oxide from the Windscale piles, the releases in the 1957 accident and the aerial emissions from the re-processing plant.The measurement of radionuclides in individuals provides the most direct method of evaluating the results of modelling procedures used to estimate the uptake and distribution of radionuclides in human beings, from both environmental and occupational exposure. The analysis of human measurement data may also enable any regional variations in the radionuclide content of individuals to be examined. This article summarises a comparison of human measurements with model predictions undertaken as part of the recent COMARE reassessment. Details of the overall reassessment and further information describing the comparison procedures utilised may be found in a published NRPB report.LVAL Increases in the incidence of childhood leukaemia have been reported in the vicinity of several nuclear installations. Conventional models of risk of radiation-induced leukaemia arc clearly inconsistent with the assumption that these increases are due to radiation exposure resulting from the proximity of these nuclear installations. Alternative interpretations are that the reported increases are (in some way) an artifact, that the increases are real but are not primarily due to radiation, that the population, or individuals within it, have received higher doses than expected, that present risk models are seriously flawed or that more indirect (e.g. genetic) pathways involving radiation are implicated. Present evidence makes it unlikely that population radiation doses or radiation risk factors could be in error by such large magnitudes as would be required. Attention has therefore focused on indirect mechanisms.The accident which occurred during the night of April 25-26, 1986 in reactor 4 of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine released considerable amounts of radioactive substances into the environment. Outside the former USSR, the highest levels of contamination were recorded in Bulgaria, Austria, Greece and Romaniafollowed by other countries of Central, Southeast and Northern Europe. Studies of the health consequences of the accident have been carried out in these countries, as well as in other countries in Europe. This report presents the results of a critical review of cancer studies of the exposed population in Europe,carried out on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident. Overall, there is no evidence to date of a major public health impact of the Chernobyl accident in the field of cancer in countries of Europe outside the former USSR.LVALP ,The 240/239 atom ratios measured in plutonium separated from soils close to Sellafield Works indicate the presence of low burn-up plutonium, probably originating from atmospheric releases in the 1950s. The major contribution to the corresponding 241/239 atom ratios is from higher burn-up plutonium released in the 1970s. The isotopic ratios measured in sand and silt taken from the intertidal regions of nearby beaches are indicative of high burn-up material from liquid discharges to sea.Soil core samples from 95 locations within a few kilometres of the Sellafield nuclear complex have been used to assess the cumulative deposition of 238Pu, 239, 240Pu, 241Pu and 241Am in the vicinity of the plant. The deposition pattern is characterized by high levels of 239,240Pu (up to: 20 000 Bq m-2) within a few hundred metres of the site, declining rapidly to much lower levels (-1000 Bq m-2) within 3 km. The activity ratio of 238Pu to 239.240Pu associated with the highest levels of deposition is in the range 0.02-0.05, indicating that the plutonium originated from uranium of low irradiation and suggesting that the deposition occurred during the early years of operation of the plant. 241Am deposition levels correlate strongly with 239,240Pu and the average activity ratio of 241 Am to 239,240Pu, at 0.2, is consistent with ingrowth from deposited 241Pu. Deposition of 238Pu and 239,240Pu at distances > 2 km from the plantA significant excess of childhood leukaemias has been observed in the village of Seascale near the Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant operated by British Nuclear Fuels plc. There is evidence to indicate that this and other recent excesses could be due to infection. This paper, which formed the basis of Professor Kinlen's recent Chilton Seminar. reviews the evidence on infection in childhood leukaemia both in relation to the Seascale cluster and more generally.LVAL Our previous studies have indicated lower values of the gut transfer factor ( f1 values') for plutonium and americium in winkles (Littorina fittorea) than adopted by ICRP. The present study was undertaken primarily to investigate whether this observation extends to other species. Samples of cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from Ravenglass, Cumbria were eaten by volunteers who provided 24 h samples of urine and faeces. Urine samples indicated f1 values for cockles which were higher than for winkles; for plutonium these ranged overall up to 7 x 10-4 with an arithmetic mean in the range (2-3)x10-4, and for americium up to 2.6 x 10-4 with an arithmetic mean of 1.2 x 10-4. Limited data based on volunteers eating cockles from the Solway suggest that f1 values for americium may be greater at distance from Sellafield. The measured values compare with 5 x 10-4 used by the ICRP for environmental forms of both elementsTissues removed at autopsy from, members of the general public contain significantly higher concentrations of plutonium and 137Cs in west Cumbrians than in people from three other regions of Great Britain. Several autopsy cases from Cumbria showed unusually high values of pluton1um. Subsequently it was found that the subjects had been former employees of British Nuclear Fuels.@ LVALR A previous publication has reported that the concentrations of plutonium in autopsy tissues taken from west Cumbrian people who had not worked in the nuclear energy industries were generally higher than tissue concentrations in people from other regions of Great Britain. In order to learn something of the origins of this plutonium, it has been subjected to isotopic analysis using mass spectrometry. The results provide strong circumstantial evidence that plutonium from aerial discharges from the British Nuclear Fuels plant at Sellafield has found its way into the tissues of the local populace.Concentrations of plutonium-239, plutonium240, strontium-90 and total alpha emjtters have been measured in children's teeth collected throughout Great Britain and Ireland. The concentrations of plutonium and strontium-90 were measured in batched samples, each containing approximately 50 teeth, using low-background radiochemical methods. The concentrationA previous publication has reported that the concentrations of plutonium in autopsy tissues taken from west Cumbrian people who had not worked in the nuclear energy industries were generally higher than tissue concentrations in people from other regions of Great Britain. In order to learn something of the origins of this plutonium, it has been subjected to isotopic analysis using mass spectrometry. The results provide strong circumstantial evidence that plutonium from aerial discharges from the British Nuclear Fuels plant at Sellafield has found its way into the tissues of the local populace.LVALSir, the report by Sir Douglas Black and his colleagues on the nuclear reprocessing plant at Sellafield, contains three basic misconceptions. First, to argue that the link between the increased rate of childhood leukaemia and radioactive discharges is not proven is scientifically meaningless. A hypothesis about a causal relationship can never be proved. It can only be disproved, and it is to this side of the question that the inquiry should have directed its attention. Scientists postulate theories that fit the facts available and then devise experiments to test the validity of their ideas. The new data determine whether the theory can be rejected or whether it can be tested again by further observation. In the context of Sellafield the thesis is that radiation causes leukaemia, that the incidence of leukaemia among children living at Seascale (near Sellafield) is ten time the national average  so radioactive discharges from Sellafield are responsible .Letter; Mr Dunster of the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) asks (Oct 13, P 873) for "any sensible suggestions" that might help elucidate the possible mechanism of a causal link between discharges from the Windscale reproducing works at at Sellafield and the excess of childhood leukaemias and other cancers observed in Seascale and neighbouring coastal villages. He says that the NRPB's estimate of tbe bone-marrow dose to children in Seascale from the Windscale discharges - about 10% of the total dose from all sources-needs to be wrong by a factor of at least 40 to explain the local incidence of leukaemia. His argument continues with the assumption that variations in the natural background dose have no effect on cancer incidence. Several studies from abroad have produced findings to the contrary and Court- Brown's 1960 study found adult leukaemia mortality in Aberdeen to be 50-60%. higher than expected. Aberdeen (the "granite city")LVALJThe assessment of health risk to the population from radionuclides in the environment is a complex and as yet incomplete science: biogeochemical mechanisms of environmental transfer and concentration are poorly understood; models of radionuclide metabolism rely largely on inconclusive and contradictory experiment with animals, and the principles by which results may be extrapolated to humans are unknown; uncertainties in the dosimetry of alpha-emitters in children and the foetus are acute; and chronic doubt persists over the magnitude of low-level dose-response for radiation carcinogenesis. To deny uncertainties of this nature is to court public distrust of scientific risk assessment; ; public confidence in nuclear power technologies might be strengthened through a more open discussion of the technical difficulties involved. These problems are described with reference to the assessment of cancer risksSir, Your editorial comments (Aug 4, p266) regarding the report by Sir Douglas Black and his inquiry team made a constructive contribution to the understanding of a complex subject. However, the record needs to be put straight so far as the closing statement is concerned. It is not correct for the Lancet to suggest that but for Greenpeace the accidental discharge of radioactive waste last November would have gone unreported. The procedures for reporting incidents to Government departments and the regulatory authorities were followed correctly. High activity in the liquors transferred to the sea tank was detected on Nov 11, and HM Nuclear Installation Inspectorate was notified by the company of the occurrence on the same date. Further information was provided to HM NIJ on Nov 15 and to Inspectors from the Department of the Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food on Nov 16, although there was no formal requirement to do so at that time since there . .LVALVTwo baboons in the fifth month of pregnancy were given a single intravenous injection of a mixture of 210Po. 237Np. 239Pu and 241Am in citrate solution. Total retention in each fetus, measured at one week after injection, accounted for about 1% of administered 210Po and 237Np, 4% of 239Pu and 0.4% of 241Am. These values correspond to fetal:maternal whole-body concentration ratios, C1:CM of about 0.3 for 210Po, 0.6 for 237Np, 1.3 for 239Pu and 0.1 for 241Am. Retention in the placenta varied from about 1% of administered 237Np to 8-12% of 239Pu. Available data for other species, including rats and guinea pigs, generally show lower levels of retention in the fetus and placenta, particularly for 239Pu. It is proposed that estimates of dose to the human fetus from intakes during the third trimester of pregnancy should be based directly on the baboon data.Measurements have been made of plutonium concentrations in human fetal tissues received from second trimester terminations carried out in west Cumbria and Oxfordshire, using standard chemical techniques and alpha or mass spectrometry. Fetal tissue concentrations of a few tens of microBq.kg-1 were measured; placental concentrations were of the same order of magnitude. These concentrations have been compared with an estimated average maternal concentration of 0.3 mBq.kg-I, indicating no concentration of this element in the fetus, relative to the mother. The measured plutonium concentrations have also been compared with those of naturally occurring radionuclides. in particular 210Po, determined by other workers at NRPB in a complementary study. The implication of these measured plutonium concentrations for radiation dose. is that exposure of the human fetus to environmental levels of plutonium results in an equivalent dose to the fetus during pregnancy ofless thn 0.02uSpLVAL An excess of leukaemias in children has been observed between 1950 and 1980 in the village of Seascale (population about 3,000) which is situated approximately 3 km to the south of Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in West Cumbria, England. Radiation doses from all the main sources of radiation exposure of the population and risks of radiation-induced leukaemia have been calculated for children born and living in Seascale during the period of operation of the plant. For the Seascale study population of 1225 children and young persons, followed to age 20y, or followed until 1980 for those born after 1960, 0.016 radiation-induced leukemias are predicted. .The excess of leukaemia among young people living in the vicinity of the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield has focused attention on the possibility that irradiation of the lymphatic system from particulate alpha-emitting nuclides might be responsible. We discuss below two possible routes of such exposure; namely the inhalation and ingestion of particulates. We conclude that, in spite of the real possibility of substantial doses to tissues associated with the lymphatic system, there is little reason to expect that lymphatic leukaemia will be the dominant outcome of the exposure. However, the arguments presented are not, and cannot be, wholly conclusive.LVALBackground-A previous study has suggested an increased incidence rate of leukaemia from 1978 to 1992 in people aged 0 to 24 years and living in the vicinity of the La Hague nuclear waste reprocessing plant without considering age and cytological type. Setting-The Nord Cotentin region (France) and Alderney. Study objective- To describe the occurrence of leukaemia for each age group and cytological type from 1978 to 1998 in the same area, using accurate reference incidence rates and adequate estimation of the at risk population. Design  A geographical study of incidence using three zones defined according to their distance from the site (0 to 10 km: Beaumont-Hague electoral ward, 10 to 20 km and 20-35km) has been conducted. The risk of leukaemia was estimated from the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of the number of cases observed to the number expected. Exact 95% confidence intervals (CI) have been computed.Currently, most methods for the quantitative assessment of 239Pu have minimum detection levels (25 microBq for alpha-particle spectrometry) that are much higher than the levels of this isotope in many human bioassay and environmental samples. Accordingly, a priority has existed to develop methods that are more sensitive. Fission-track and ICP.MS methods have been used, but these can suffer either from an uncertain level of removal and/or recovery of uranium or from isobaric mass interferences. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) has no such disadvantages, and its demonstrated detection limits for plutonium isotopes approach levels of attograms, equivalent to about 500 nBq for 239Pu. This paper describes the application of AMS to the measurement of 239Pu in urine produced by youths living in London (3.5 microBq day-I) and by adults (- 2-260 microBq day-I), some of whom were exposed occupationally.LVAL &The toxicity ratio (relative effectiveness per gray of average skeletal dose) has been estimated for bone cancer induction in beagles injected as young adults for a number of bone-seeking internal emitters. These experiments yielded calculated toxicity ratios (+or- SD) relative to 226Ra = 1.0 of p239Pu = 16 + or - 5 (single exposure to monomeric Pu) and 32 + or - 10 (continuous exposure from an extra skeletal deposit in the body), 274Ra = 16 + or - 5 (chronic exposure) and approximately 6 + or - 2 (single exposure), 228 Th = 8.5 + or - 2.3, 241Am = 6 + or - 0.8, 228Ra = 2.0 + or - 0.5, 249Cf = 6 + or - 3, 252Cf = 4 + or - 2, 9OSr = 1.0 + or - 0.5 (for high doses) and 0.05 + or - 0.03 (for low doses) and 0.01 + or - 0.01 (for extremely low doses). Because no skeletal malignancies were observed among beagles given only 253Es, the toxicity ratio is undefined.Earlier assessments led to the conclusion that due to the added radiation after the Chernobyl accident, childhood leukemia in Belarus was not recognizably increased in the years 1987-1994 compared to the years 1982-1986, i.e. the period before the accident. The present paper gives the 'data of the continued follow-up (1995-1998) which was conducted by the Institute of Hae- matology and Blood Transfusion, Minsk. In line with the earlier observations no increase has been identified. The incidence rates have been compared to the data of the newly established Belarussian Childhood Cancer Registry and a tentative explanation is given for apparent differences between the rates from our follow-up and the data reported earlier by the Belarussian Childhood Cancer Registry.O/   f A =At9KxR gHutzAAn illustrative comparison of the event-size distributions for gamma-rays and alpha-particles in the whole mammalian cell nucleus.199874 (6)799-804 ffutRisks of fatal cancer from inhalation of plutonium-239 and -240 by humans: A combined four-method approach with uncertainty evaluation.200180 (5)447-461@7 eeutClinical Review Science, medicine, and the future Childhood leukaemia2002.321283-287V@6wnib ddutSusceptibility to radiation-induced leukaemia/lymphoma is genetically separable from sensitivity to radiation-induced genomic instability.200177 (1)21-29\@6 ccutEvidence of genetic instability in 3 Gy X-ray-induced mouse leukaemias and 3 Gy X-irradiated haemopoietic stem cells.200177 (10)1023-1031@5 __utGenetic instability in radiation-induced leukaemias: mouse models.199874 (6)711-720@5}qh`Z ^^^utFallout from the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and congenital malformations in Europe.200156 (6)478-484&@4yqk ]]?utChildhood leukaemia in Great Britain and fallout from nuclear weapons testing. Childhood leukaemia in Great Britain and fallout from. nuclear weapons testing. Childhood leukaemia in Great Britain and fallout from nuclear weapons testing.199515 (1)37-43@4+  \\AutUncertainties in dose coefficients for intakes of tritiated water and organically bound forms of tritium by members of the public.200298 (3)299-311@3 [[utEstimates of doses from global fallout.200282 (5)690-705@3bVME? ZZutGenetic effects of Sr90 on various stages of spermatogenesis in mice.1969596-608@2znee_ YYutA perspective on public concerns about exposure to fallout from the production and testing of nuclear weapons.200282 (5)736-748@2 XXutChernobyl accident: Retrospective and prospective estimates of external dose of the population of Ukraine.200282 (3)290-303@1 WW?utRadiation protection of people and the environment: developing a common approach.20022245-56@1zsoi VVutThe radiation-induced bystander effect for clonogenic survival.2002157361-364@0wkb]W UUutWorldwide dispersion and deposition of radionuclides produced in atmospheric tests.200282 (5)644-655r@0yqk TTAutEstimation of X ray overexposure in a childhood leukaemia cluster by means of chromosome aberration analysis.200298 (3)291-297<@/ SPutRisk coefficient for gamma-rays with regard to solid cancer.-23@/fZVVT RPutRisk estimation for fast neutrons with regard to solid cancer.2001156708- 717@.wka\V QQAutOn the linear extrapolation to low doses.199452 (1-4)197-199@.fZQGA PP%utOn the conversion of solid cancer excess relative risk into lifetime attributable risk.200140249-257&@-yuo O&?utDose coefficients for the embryo and foetus following intakes of radionuclides by the mother.2002227-24@-{u NNNutDose and radiation quality issues in radiological protection.20013pages@-oc[[U MMutRelative effectiveness of Pu239 and some other internal emitters for bone cancer induction in beagles.199467 (4)346-353@+~&LVAL `:Risk coefficients representing the lifetime radiation-induced cancer mortality (or incidence) attributable to an exposure to ionizing radiation, have been published by major international scientific committees. The calculations involve observations in an exposed population and choices of a standard population (for risk transportation), of suitable numerical models, and of computational techniques. The present lack of a firm convention for these choices makes it difficult to inter-compare risk estimates presented by different scientific bodies. Some issues that relate to a necessary harmonization and standardization of risk estimates are explored here.Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has the responsibility for calculating radiation doses from intakes of radionuclides for all age groups in the population. Publication 88 of the ICRP, which has recently been published, describes the development of models used for calculating radiation doses to the embryo and foetus following intakes of radionuclides by the mother. It also gives radiation doses to the offspring for intakes of radionuclides by the mother either before or during pregnancy. The approaches used in the development of the biokinetic and dosimetric models are summarised here together with a comparison of the doses to the offspring with those to the reference adult.ICRP is in the process of reviewing its recommendations on dose quantities and radiation quality for radiological protection purposes It is therefore timely to give a broad overview and to stimulate discussion on a subject which in my experience has caused heated argument amongst honest, respectable scientists, commenting on what ICRP and ICRU should have done. The specific problems revolve around the 'quantities' which involve the words dose equivalent or equivalent dose and have the unit of Sv. I have deliberately put the word 'quantities' in quotation marks because not all such terms are quantities in the scientific sense.LLVAL ^In the absence of epidemiological information on the effects of neutrons, their cancer mortality risk coefficient is currently taken as the product of two low-dose extrapolations: the nominal risk coefficient for photons and the presumed maximum relative biological effectiveness of neutrons. This approach is unnecessary. Since linearity in dose is assumed for neutrons at low to moderate effect levels, the risk coefficient can be derived in terms of the excess risk from epidemiological observations at an intermediate dose of gamma rays and an assumed value, R1, of the neutron RBE relative to this reference dose of gamma rays. . . The risk estimate for neutrons will remain essentially unaffected by the current reassessment of the neutron doses in Hiroshima, because the doses are unlikely to change much at the reference dose of 1 Gy.While radiobiological data are conveniently fitted by a linear quadratic formula to data of limited dynamic range at doses typically exceeding 1Gy, they are extrapolated linearly to doses below a milligray for the evaluation of low dose RBEs. However a single relativistic electron passing through a cell nucleus deposits a 'dose' there in the neighbourhood of a milligray. The validity of the linear extrapolation then rests on the demonstration that a single electron transit through a cell nucleus can cause inactivation or mutation or can lead to cancer induction. The extrapolation made is huge. . . If linear extrapolation were valid these numbers would be reduced to one. These contradictions suggest serious reconsideration of accepted radiation protection standards.LVALl 0Only multiple X ray diagnostics could be identified as a common risk factor in a leukaemia cluster that appeared between 1985-1989 in the municipality of Sittensen in northern Germany. In order to judge if the effect could be explained by irradiation dose, estimates were done in two of the leukaemia cases and seven former patients of a practice where some of the leukaemia cases had been treated for orthopaedic reasons. . . Compared to the Bremen laboratory control the mean frequency of dicentric chromosomes in the lymphocytes of the seven volunteers was significantly elevated. An overexposure of about 12-fold could be derived compared to state of the art X raying. At least two cases of the leukaemia cluster in Sittensen can therefore be correlated to an overexposure by diagnostic X rays.A previous investigation has uncoupled the solid cancer risk coefficient for neutrons from the low dose estimates of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons and the photon risk coefficient, and has related it to two more tangible quantities, the excess relative risk (ERR!) due to an intermediate reference dose D1=l Gy of gamma-rays and the RBE of neutrons, R1, against this reference dose. UNSCEAR has converted ERR into LAR in a way that differs from the ICRP procedure, and that it has summed the overall risk coefficient for solid tumor mortality and incidence from separate estimates for 8 solid tumour categories, whereas the present study employs a combined computation for all solid tumors and uses the ICRP procedure for the conversion of ERR into LAR. The appendix gives results for the solid cancer incidence data.LVALIt has long been accepted that the radiation-induced heritable effects in mammalian cells are the result of direct DNA damage. Recent evidence, however, suggests that when a cell population is exposed to a low dose of alpha particles, biological effects occur in a larger proportion of cells than are estimated to have been traversed by alpha particles. Experiments involving the Columbia University microbeam, which allows a known fraction of cells to be traversed by a defined number of alpha particles, have demonstrated a bystander effect for clonogenic survival and oncogenic transformation in C3H 10T-half cells. When 1 to 16 alpha particles were passed through the nuclei of 10% of a C3H 10T-half cell population, more cells were unable to form colonies than were actually traversed by alpha particles. Both hit and non-hit cells contributed to outcome of expmnt. . .Radionuclides produced in atmospheric nuclear tests were widely dispersed in the global environment. From the many measurements of the concentrations in air and the deposition amounts, much was learned of atmospheric circu- lation and environmental processes. Based on these results and the reported fission and total yields of individual tests, it has been possible to devise an empirical model of the movement and residence times of particles particles in the various atmospheric regions. This model, applied to all atmospheric weapons tests, allows extensive calculations of air concentrations and deposition amounts for the entire range of radionuclides produced throughout the testing period. . A review of the global measurements and modeling results is presented in this paper. In the future, if injections of materials into the atmosphere occur, their anticipated motions and fates can be predicted from knowledge gained from fallout experience.^LVALppFollowing the Chernobyl accident many activities were conducted in Ukraine in order to define the radiological impact. Considered here are gamma spectrometric analyses of soil-depth-profile samples taken in the years 1988-1999, gamma spectrometric measurements of radionuclide concentration in soil samples taken in 1986, and measurements of external gamma-exposure rate in air. These data are analyzed in this paper to derive a "reference" radionuclide composition and an attenuation function for the time-dependent rate of external gamma exposure that changes due to the migration of radiocesium into the soil column. An attenuation function for cesium is derived that consists of two exponential functions with half lives of 1.5 and 50 y. . . A critical group of 22,500 persons who received individual doses of >20 mSv is identified for consideration of increased social and medical attention.The problem with the current ICRP system of radiation protection, particularly for regulators, is that it fails to differentiate between the application of justification and optimisation to people in the circumstances of medical care or as part of a workforce, compared with their application to members of the general public in an environmental setting; plus the fact that it also fails to address the issue of potential impacts on the rest of the environment in any meaningful way. But if these deficiencies are to be addressed, it will be essential to consider how protection of both people and the living environment can be achieved within a broad philosophical framework, using complementary approaches. . . This paper briefly examines some of these issues, and offers some suggestions for developing a common, or even a combined, approach. It draws upon recent suggestions made by the ICRP itself with regard to radiological protection, plus current activities..LVALPInbred male CBA mice were injected with Sr-90 or Ca-45 and then mated, each male with three untreated females per week during five consecutive weeks. Most of the males were later used for another mating period during the 10th to 15th week post injection. More than 89,000 fetuses in the Sr-90 and Ca-45 series and 58,500 aprox in the controls were alalyzed. It must therefore be concluded that Sr-90 has not manifested dominant effects detectable in later generations. This conclusion is in agreement with findings from irradiations with roentgen and neutrons (unpublished results).Exposures of the American public occurred nationwide from the testing of nuclear weapons in the United States, the Pacific, and the former Soviet Union. After decades of diminished public awareness on the subject of health risks resulting from exposure to fallout, the release of the National Cancer Institute's 1997 report on nationwide exposure to 131I from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) has led to renewed interest. Public requests for information are focused on individual and family health problems, the right to credible and full disclosure of information, and the need for medical care and assistance for exposure-related health problems. Public concerns have been raised regarding: (a) the lack of information on potential health risks from exposure to all biologically significant radionuclides in fallout; (b) the lack of independent oversight that includes public participation; (c) governmental portrayal of exposures averaged over very large segments of the population . . .NLVALt`ICRP provides models for the calculation of doses from intakes of radionuclides, including intakes of tritium as tritiated water (HTO) or organically bound tritium (OBT). The ICRP models for HTO and OBT are explained and the assumptions made are examined. The reliability of dose estimates is assessed in terms of uncertainties in central estimates for population groups. . . A detailed assessment of doses using appropriate parameters and considering uncertainties would be of particular importance in situations where the dose may approach dose limits or constraints. For exposures to known forms of OBT, specific dose assessments may be required.This paper summarizes information about external and internal doses resulting from global fallout and presents preliminary estimates of doses resulting from intermediate fallout in the contiguous United States. Most of the data on global fallout were extracted from the reports of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, in which the radiation exposures from fallout have been extensively reviewed at regular intervals. . . The estimated average doses from external irradiation received by the United States population were about 0.5 mGy for Nevada Test Site fallout and about 0.7 mGy for global fallout. These values vary little from one organ or tissue of the body to another. In contrast, the average doses from internal irradiation vary markedly from one organ or tissue to another; estimated average thyroid doses to children born in 1951 were about 30 mGy from Nevada Test Site fallout and about 2 mGy from global fallout.LVALInvestigators estimate that the population exposure that resulted from the Chernobyl fallout is in the range of natural background radiation for most European countries. Given current radiobiologic knowledge, health effects - if any - would not be measurable with epidmiologic tools. In several independent reports, however, researchers have described isolated peaks in the prevalence of congenital malformations in the cohort conceived immediately after onset of the fallout. The consistency of the time pattern and the specific types of malformation raise concern about their significance. In this study, the author summarizes findings from Turkey, Belarus, Croatia, Finland, Germany and other countries and implications for radiation protection and public health issues are discussed.The possible effecfts of radiation from fallout on childhood leukaemia mortality from 1950-87 and registrations from 1963-87 were assessed using a division of GB into regions with higher rainfall and a consequently higher fallout radiation dose in the 1960s and regions with lower rainfall and a lower radiation dose. Childhood leukaemia mortality rates declined and registration rates increased throughout the period. The death rate ratio was significantly raised in the period of high exposure compared with the surrounding medium exposure periods, but the difference in registration rate ratios between the high exposure period and the medium exposure period was not statistically significant. The results might be explained by survival and registration changes, or chance in the case of registrations, but do not exclude low dose radiation fallout as cause of leukaemia increase in GB childrenLVALF Purpose: If radiation-induced genetic instability is causal in mouse radiation leukaemogenesis, then genetic instability should be detectable in the irradiated target untransformed haemopoietic stem cell and evidence of genetic instability detected in the clonal radiation-induced leukaemia. We have tested this hypothesis using the CBA/H mouse model of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (r-AML). Conclusions: The high levels of non-specific genetic damage observed in the r-AMLs in therefore attributed to the accumulation of genetic lesions in the target haemopoietic stem cell over a longer time-scale after exposure than assessed in the in vitro CFU-A clonogenic assay. This is consistent with the long latency of the multi-stage radiation leukaemogenic process, and a role for radiation-induced genetic instability is inferred.Purpose: Genetic instability plays a major role in multi-stage carcinogenesis. Ionizing radiation induces delayed genetic instability which can be transmitted to the clonal offspring of the irradiated cell, so it is of considerable importance to determine whether radiation-induced genetic instability contributes to radiation -leukaemogenesis. Conclusions: Studies of mouse radiation-induced leukaemias have detected evidence of genetic instability. However, with few exceptions, most of this instability was also observed during de novo multi-stage carcinogenesis This raises the possibility that radiation induces ongoing genetic instability that is functionally indistinguishable to that implicated in de novo tumour progression.<LVAL NThe risk of any child developing acute leukaemia is about 1 in 2000 with 400-450 new cases a year in the United Kingdom. Cure rates approaching 75% can be achieved with combination chemotherapy, , but this figure disguises success rates that vary from 10% to 90%, with the different biological subtypes of the disease. In this review I discuss how new insights into the underlying molecular biology of leukaemia have changed our understanding of the disease. Not only is there the prospect of better treatment and the introduction of new biologically based therapies, but, as the causes of disease are being unravelled, the possibility of prevention may not just be wishful thinking.Purpose: To determine whether there is a relationship between the genetics underlying the susceptibility to radiation-induced leukaemia in CBA/H (acute myeloid leukaemia, AML) and C57BL/6 (thymic lymphoma, TL) mice, and the genetics underlying the sensitivity of CBA/H (sensitive) and C57BL/6 (resistant) mice to radiation-induced chromosomal instability. Conclusions: AML susceptibility in CBA/H mice is a dominant trait in contrast to the recessive inheritance of CBA/H sensitivity to radiation-induced chromosomal instability TL-susceptibility in C57BL/6 is a recessive trait in contrast to the dominant inheritance of C57BL/6 resistance to radiation-induced chromosomal instability.LVALIn estimations of the genetic risks from the fall-out after bomb-tests little attention has been paid to strontium-90. This is remarkable since Mazia, in 1954 suggested that bivalent metallic ions are bound in the chromosomes. As a first step to study the effects of Sr-90 on the chromosomes we have analysed the rate of intra-uterine death among offspring to male mice, which received intraperitoneal injections of Sr-90. Sr could cause chromosome breaks in spermatozoa and spermatids due to the radiation emitted from the Sr circulating in the blood and the lymph. Since sperm used as early as the first week after the injection had a markedly increased rate of intra-uterine death, one would suppose that Sr ions could penetrate sperm and exchange with Ca ions. If the process can go in that direction it may revert tooThe risk per unit dose to the four primary cancer sites for plutonium inhalation exposure (lung, liver, bone, bone marrow) is estimated by combining the risk estimates that are derived from four independent approaches. Each approach represents a fundamentally different source of data from which plutonium risk estimates can be derived. These are: (1) epidemiologic studies of workers exposed to plutomum; (2) epidemiologic studies of persons exposed to low-LET radiation combined with a factor for the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of plutomum alpha particles appropriate for each cancer site of concern; (3) epidemiologic studies of persons exposed to alpha-emitting radionuclides other than plutonium; and (4) controlled studies of animals exposed to plutonium and other alpha-emitting radionuclides extrapolated to humans. The large uncertainties in the risks per unit intake of activity reflect the combined uncertainty in dose/risk coefficien;'^ + X 6 . ceXa :n ^zAAssociation of nuclear fallout with leukemia in the United States.198742263-71lld`Z zAGeomagnetism, cancer, weather and cosmic radiation.197834237-47]]UQK zASource apportionment of airborne particulate matter in the UK. London: DETR1999iiiic zAStrontium-90 at Windscale.1960ii658-9CC<82 zACurrent trends of Sr-90, Sr-89, and Cs-137 levels in milk.196018489aa]XR zACancerinsidens omkring barsebaecks kaernkraftwerk.1997PPPPJ zACancer, aging and endogenous DNA damage.1989FFFF@ zALeukemia incidence, social class and estuaries: an ecological analysis.199012(2) 109-117vvie_ zAAdmiralty tidal stream atlas for the Irish Sea and Bristol Channel.1992aaaa[ utzAThe evolution of attitudes to the human hazards of ionizing radiation and to its investigators.199120 (6)717-21}w qutzANuclear weapons tests and human germline mutation rate.20022958Feb``ZUO utzASuffer the children The effects of radiation don't stop with the people exposed to it200211 May5}uo utzADependence of osteosarcomogenic activity of radionuclldes on their physical properties and physiological state of the animal.- utzAStrontium-90 and infant mortality.1969224Dec 27MME@: }}0utzARisk of childhood cancer from fetal irradiation.199770130-139[[RNH |||utzASelection, the mutation rate and cancer: Ensuring that the tail does not wag the dog.19995 (1)11 - 12zsm { {utzAIncidence of leukaemia in infants in Europe following in-utero exposure to radiation from the Chernobyl accident.200217Ladida uiuutzALe role du cesium radioactive dans la pathologie de la glande thyroide.200015  17qqee__ ttiutzAThe influence of radiation on the left hemisphere and its relationship to the increased incidence of schizophrenia and chronic fatigue syndrome in the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor catastrophe.20013 (1-2)p39 ssiutzAOcular radiation risk assessment in population exposed to low-dose ionising radiation.20013 (1-2)38}tn rriutzADynamics of genetic processes in chronically irradiated populations of small mammals.20013 (1-2)114|sm qqiutzARadiation-induced germ line mutation at minisatellite loci.20013 (1-2)36ggcZT pmiutzAMonitoring of population of the Chernobyl region of Belarus for radioprotection, by assessment of radionuclides in food and human organism.20013 (1-2)93b omiutzAProduction of pectin food additives for radiation protection of the population in Belarus.20013 (1-2)93xr nmiutzAMonitoring of caesium contamination in children of Belarus after Chernobyl. Radioprotection with pectin.20013 (1-2)92b mmiutzARadioprotective measures for the Belarusian population after the Chernobyl accident.20013 (1-2)92{rl liiutzACs137 measures and public health.20013 (1-2)12LLH?9 kiiutzAIncorporated caesium and cardiovascular pathology.20013 (1-2)11]]YPJ jiiutzARadiocaesium and congenital malformations.20013 (1-2)10(b)XXQHB iiiutzAIncorporated Cs137 and pathology of the thyroid gland.20013 (1-2)10aa]TNI} Y , x    6q2kMZ ?zAChildhood leukemia in Great Britain and fallout from nuclear weapons testing199515 (1)37-43yyrjd zAStatement under oath given in court in Regina vs. Helen John1999ZZZZT zAThermally enhanced radioresponse of cultured Chinese hamster cells: Inhibition of repair of sublethal damage and enhancement of lethal damage19745838-51 zAStudies in cardiovascular disease and cause specific trends in Japanese American men living in Hawaii and risk factor comparisons with other Japanese populations in the Pacific Region199264791-805 zAStudies on the mortality of A-bomb survivors196216253-80VVNJD zASurvival of HeLa cells culture in vitro and exposed to protracted gamma ray irradiation19637377-83wuo zADrinking water and cancer incidence in Iowa: II. Radioactivity in drinking water-16 (6)924-32zzrjh zAAn assessment of artificial radionuclide transfer from Sellafield to South West Scotland19897/9/343vp? zACytogenic investigation in a Brazilian population living in an area of high natural radioactivity197527/6802-6.y izAMedical and biological effects of radio-caesium inforporated into the human organism2000rrrrl zAScience in action1987////) utzABook reviews200011 (2)225 -992*$ utzAThe environment: modernising justice200011 (2)219-224SSJB< utzAScience/law interactions and the problem of causation200011 (2)209-218dd[SM utzAScientific uncertainty: an insuperable obstacle to compensation for environmental causes of ill health200011 (2)195-208~ utzAA new nuclear reactor for South Africa - Debate200011 (2)183-194^^UMG utzAManaging radioactive waste: issues and misunderstandings200011 (2)167-182gg^VP utzAValidity of the linear no-threshhold theory of radiation carcinogenisis at low doses200011 (2)149-166zrl utzARadiation jigsaw - Review200011 (2)141-8FF?71 zAIntercellular communication is involved in the bystander regulation of gene expression in human cells exposed to very low fluences of alpha particles.1998150497-504 zAMolecular cell biology.19855555/ zARadiation dosimetry, i. fundamental principles.1968MMMMG zARadioactivity in Dumfries and Galloway.1991EEEE? zACancer risk has no effect on mortality.1994308268OOJE? =zARadiological assessment of the Ribble estuary-I. Distribution of radionuclides in surface sediments.199736 (1)1-19| =zARadiological assessment of the Ribble estuary III- redistribution of radionuclides.19973643-67}}vrl zAThe distribution and behaviour of artificial radionuclides in sediments of the North Wales coast.1994182 (2)225-235y zABehaviour of plutonium in the intertidal sediments of the eastern Irish sea.1983189-197ssjjd_ zASurvey and evaluation of criticisms of basic safety standards for the protection of workers and members of the public against ionizing radiations.19985 February? 9zAEnvironmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries with special reference to dietary practices.197515631-717] l  | r r o N=Ih zARadiation from Sellafield and cancer near the Irish Sea. Second annual progress report from the Irish Sea Group in support of the litigation Short and others vs BNFL and others2000 zAResponse to commentary on the second event theory by Busby200076 (1)123-125ii`XR zACancer incidence in Carlingford and Greenore, County Louth2000XXXXR zACancer mortality and proximity to Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Station in Somerset: Part III All malignancies, lung and stomach cancer2000 zACancer mortality and proximity to Hinkley Point nuclear power station in Somerset: Part II prostate cancer.2000 zACancer mortality and proximity to Hinkley Point nuclear power station in Somerset: Part I breast cancer2000 zAInvestigation of the incidence of cancer around Wylfa and Trawsfynydd nuclear installations, 1974-86.1994} zAGeographical distribution of leukemia in NW England1987QQQQK zARadiostrontium in soil, herbage, animal bone and milk samples from the United Kingdom: 1957 results1958a2730{? zARadioactive and natural strontium in human bone: UK results for 19571958c2583iiic\? zAStrontium in diet1958bi13718820) zARadiostrontium in soil, grass, milk and bone in the United Kingdom1957622ffb`Z zAThe rays: a history of radiology in the US and Canada1969SSSSM zAThe health effects of low level radiation199624 AprilQQQGA? zAPrinciples of medical statistics1966>>>>8 zALeukemia incidence in Somerset with particular reference to Hinkley Point Taunton1988ooooi zAOutline of a theory of practice1972====7 zAEffect of split doses of X-rays on neoplastic transformation of single cells1974252499-501xxojd 0zANeoplastic transformation following split doses of X-rays197950845-6bb[WQ zAIonizing radiation. in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention D. Schottenfeld and D. Fraumeni (eds.)1982~~~~x zACancer mortality in women after repeated fluoroscopic examinations of the chest198166863-7xxqmg zARadiation dose and second cancer risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix19881163-55{{upj zARadiation carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and biological significance1984````Z zAA formulation of the relation between radiation dose and shortening of lifespan19561118-20wwomg zADistribution of childhood leukemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in England and Wales1994309501-5||upj zANo immediate danger: Prognosis for a radioactive earth1986TTTTN zADe quelques resultats de la radiotherapie et essai de fixation d'une technique rationelle1906143983|wq zAMortality of employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-79.1985291440-7xxqlf zAChildhood cancer and nuclear installations1993HHHHB zAA case control study of prostatic cancer in employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-7919933071391-7 zAChemobyl fallout and perinatal mortality in England and Wales199133 (4)429-34.llc[UWeS { 0 * Y  CIy6Bc zAThe implications of the new data on the releases from Sellafield in the 1950 for the conclusions of the report on the investigation of a possible increased incidence of cancer in West Cumbria1986 zAIs there an epidemic of cancer19946923/308705-8.NNF<6 zAAn analysis of the 1957 Windscale accident using the WEERIE code1974173-82gg`^X zAAverages of rainfall for Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1916-19501967cccc] zAA survey of caesium-137 and plutonium in British soils in 19771986\\\\V zASurveys of radioactivity 1984-86: Surveys of background levels of environmental radioactivity in Wales1988~ zAMultiple exposure: chronicles of the radiation age1989PPPPJ zADNA damage and repair19893333- zASellafield, the contaminated legacy, London1993IIIIC zASimilarities and contrasts between radiation and time pathology19641109-63gg_]W zADeprivation in Scotland19915555/ zARadiological assessment of the development of Trawsfyntdd lake for leisure activities1996ssssm zAEstimated long term health effects of the Chemobyl accident. 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The health of our children1995QQQQK  zAFindings were probably due to chance fluctuations in small numbers of deaths19973151233uuojd   zAThe molecular basis of mutation1970====7  AzAParticle size distribution of radioactive aerosols in the environment199769 (2)117-132ttkc] } zAThe causes of cancer19812222, } zAThe hazards to man of nuclear and allied radiation1957PPPPJ zAPersonal communication19994444. zALandbird productivity in central coastal California: the relationship to annual rainfall and a reproductive failure in 19861987 zAConfidential enquiry into postneonatal deaths 1964-661970SSSSM zAThe effect of Sr-90 given to pregnant mice on spermatogenesis in the male offspring: A comparison with the effect on the female offspring-56 (2)151-9 zAMolecular cell biology19904444. zATrends in long-term mortality in ankylosing spondylitis treated with a single course of X-rays: health effects of low-dose ionizing radiation1988 BzAWindscale- the nuclear laundry1983<<<<6 zAAn investigation of radioactive contamination at Greenham Common, Newbury District, and surrounding areas.1997 zAAn assessment of radioactive contamination in the environment as a result of operations at the AWE sites in Berkshire2000 zACost of preventing retrolental fibroplasia1973ii954-6SSLHB zAThe deposition of fission products from distant nuclear explosions: results to mid-19591959uuuuo zADeposition of fission products from distant nuclear explosions: results to mid-19601960qqqqk zAAn assessment of the radiological impact of the Windscale reactor fire, October 19571982rrrrl zAThe travel and diffusion of radioactive material emitted during the Windscale accident195985362}}xtn zAGeographical variation in leukemia mortality in relation to background radiation and other factors19601753-9z_ zAUptake of radionuclides in domestic animals. Lecture given to radioactivity option students1993yyyys zABone cancer in Wales overestimated19946923/308859OOJ@: zAGeographical variation of mortality from leukemia and other cancers in England and Wales in relation to nuclear installations, 1969-78198959476-85 zACancer incidence and mortality in the vicinity of nuclear installations, England and Wales 1950-801987z zACancer near potential sites of nuclear installations1989ii1145- 7__VRL zASummary of thyroid findings in Marshallese 22 years after exposure to radioactive fallout1977241-57wwq_ zAHealth effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation1990\\\\V zAThe incidence of cancer and leukemia in young people in the vicinity of the Sellafield site in West Cumbria: Further studies and update since the report of the Black Advisory Group in 19841996 zAInvestigation of the possible increased incidence of childhood cancer in young persons near the Dounreay nuclear establishment, Caithness, Scotland.1988[qO % "  Q  (pb **zAAn assessment of the quantities of fission products likely to be found in milk in the event of aerial contamination of agricultural land19601861063 )))zAArtificial radioactivity on the coasts of Wales1989MMMMG (%zAResults of case control study of leukemia and lymphoma among young people near Sellafield nuclear plant in West Cumbria1990300423-9 '%zALeukemia in children and paternal radiation exposure at the Sellafield nuclear site199212133-5||uqk &%zAFollow-up study of children born to workers resident in Seascale, West Cumbria1987295819-21yyqlf %%zAFollow-up study of leukemia and lymphoma among young people near Sellafield nuclear plant in West Cumbria1987295822-7 $$$zAAssessment of radionuclide levels around the former air force base at Greenham Common, Berkshire.1996y ###zASellafield, the contaminated legacy1993AAAA; """zAThe influence of recovery from sublethal damage on the response of cells to protracted irradiation at low-dose rate1970 771-103 ! !zAClonal origin of human tumours1976458283-321JJA<6   zAThe origin and development of human tumours studied with cell markers197429126-35oohc] zAStrontium-90 content of the atmosphere1960131645NNID> zAThe dynamics of life. I. Death from internal irradiation by 239-Pu and 226-Ra, aging, cancer and other diseases197066 (1)132-9. zAThe dynamics of life. II. The steady state theory of mutation rates197066 (2)441-4.qqia[ zAIncrease in cell number as a factor in the growth of the young male rat196210530-62qqie_  zAGeographical and environmetal epidemiology: methods for small area studies.1992iiiic zAFitness loss and germline mutations in barn swallows breeding in Chemobyl1997389 (9)389 (9) 583-4.pga zAEnhanced neoplastic transformation due to protracted exposures to fission spectrum neutrons: biophysical model199159 (6)1467-75 zAPhysical, biophysical and cell biological factors that can contribute to enhanced neoplastic transformation by fission spectrum neutrons1991128S47- S52 zAThe dose dependence of mutation rates in the rad range in the light of experiments with higher plants196825473-81} NzACommentary on the second event theory of Busby200076 (1)119-122]]TLF 8zAThe transfer to land of actinide bearing sediments from the Irish Sea, by spray19843523-32xxqmg =zAPlutonium in sheep faeces as an indicator of deposition on vegetation198487-105kkcc]_ zADistrict surveys following the Windscale incident October 1957195818```\V? zAThird annual report of the chief administrative medical officer and Director of Public Health (Dumfries: Dumfries and Galloway Health Board)1993 qzAFurther evidence for elevated human minisatellite mutation rate in Belarus eight years after the Chernobyl accident1997381267-278.  zACancer in the offspring of radiation workers- a record linkage study1997bbbb\  zACancer in Cumbria and in the vicinity of the Sellafield nuclear installation, 1963-90199330689-94xsm\go ^ @ m / + ]u, \ LLzAChildhood leukemia in Northern Scotland.1986i266.NNHF@ JJzAThe geographical distribution of cancerous disease in the British Isles1888467-468nnee__ IIzASensitivity to X-irradiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from aging donors.198650 (4)685-694~~umg HH zAThe philosophies of science.1985::::4 GGzAThe ageing process1981787124-8.==40* FFzAThe accident at Chernobyl and outcome of pregnancy in Finland1989298995-7gg`[U EEzAFirst report of the Research Committee on Tumour Statistics, Hiroshima City Medical Association, Japan1961291253-64.~ DEDzAMalignant neoplasms in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1963KKKKE CCCzARepair of cell killing and neoplastic transformation at reduced dose rates of Co-60 gamma-rays1980403328-3332.|v BABzAMarine environmental radioactivity-the missing science?199836 (1)8-18cc]UO AAzAAlpha particle radioactivity of hot particles from the Esk estuary1981290;3808690-3qqj`Z @=zAThe how and why of in vitro oncogenic transformation198187208-23.__VRL ?=zADose rate: its effect on the survival of HeLa cells irradiated with gamma-rays1964 22305-1.5zzqlf >=>zARadiation and life, 2nd edn198499993 ==0zARadiation dose rate: a factor of importance in radiobiology and radiotherapy19724581-97.vvnjd <<zARadiation from Sellafield and cancer near the Irish Sea. First annual progress report from the Irish Sea Group in support of the litigation: Short and Others vs BNFL and Attorney General1999 ;;3zABiological effects of protracted low-dose irradiation of man and animals, in RJM. Fry, D. Grahn, ML Frein, and JH Rust (eds.), Late effects of radiation1970101-38_ :::zAGenetic effects of decay of radionuclide products of fission of nuclear fuel. II. Lethal and mutagenic effects on the mutation of cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by Sr-90 and Sr-8919839 (4)532-5 978zAThe enemy within1997....( 878zADeadly deceit: low level radiation, high level cover-up1991UUUUO 777zANuclear fallout, low birth-weight and immune deficiency199424311^^YUO 65zARisks at NRPB1980288316550+% 55zAIntegrity and the NRPB197713 Jan.===4.? 333zABiophysical features of radiations at low dose and low dose rate, in New developments in fundamental and applied radiobiology, ed. C.B.Seymour and C. Mothershill1991 222zAExperimental carcinogenesis of the skeleton, in A. C. Upton, R. E. Albert, F. J. Bums, and R.E. Shore (eds.), Radiation Carcinogenesis1986215-331_ 1.1zAPreventing breast cancer199566660 0..zARadiation induced cancer from low dose exposure: an independent analysis1990ffff` /./zAInterview for geiger sweet, geiger sour1995EEEE? ...zAAn irreverent illustrated view of nuclear power1979MMMMG --zAStrontium-90 induced bone tumours in beagle dogs: effects of route of exposure and dose rate199261 (6)821-31.zt +++zAGlucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase mosaicism: utilization in the study of hair follicle variegation1971351-7z;!x E ` 3 . [.4<r"L4 nnnzAThe structure of s Guide to dose coefficients1999D8882 nnnzAThe structure of scientific revolutions1962EEEE? mmzADown's syndrome and related abnormalities in an area of high background radiation in coastal Kerala197626260-1{ l;zAEvidence for an infective cause of childhood leukemia: comparison of a Scottish cnew town with nuclear reprocessing sites in Britain1988 ii1123-7 kk=zAObservations on the redistribution of plutonium and americium in the Irish Sea sediments 1978-1996: concentrations and inventories199944191-221 jjjzAPlutonium in intertidal coastal and estuarine sediments in the northern Irish sea.198520761-771}}tpj ihizAConjectures and refutations196399993 hhhzAThe logic of scientific discovery.1962@@@@: ggGenetic effects of Strontium-90 injected into male mice1963197304-5l@7maZUO ffzAAir chemistry and radioactivity1963====7 eeezACancer incidence in an area of radioactive fallout downwind of the Nevada test site1984 251230-6~~wqk ddzAHuman minisatellite mutation rate after Chemobyl1996380683-6ZZSNH cczANew estimates of radioactive discharges from Sellafield1986293760.``ZUO bbbzAA system of logic1979////) aazAThe biology of the cell cycle1971;;;;5 ``zASenate speech, quoted in K Caufield (1989), Multiple exposures: Chronicles of the radiation age.1963~~~~x ]]]zAReproduction ecology of wild rodents in relation to habitancy of strontium- 90 polluted biogeocenoses1975 6 (1)45} \W\zAAge dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: Part I1989ooooi [WZzAThe evaluation of risks from radiation1965DDDD> ZWZzA1990 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Users Edition1992||||v YYYzAInvestigation of the possible increased incidence of cancer in West Cumbria1984iiiic XX?zARadiocontamination patterns and possible health consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station1990 1013-29 VVVzAReport on a radiological accident in the Southern Urals on 29 September 1957.1989368pppke? UUzABreast cancer services, 3rd report, session 1994-51995PPPPJ TTzAThyroid cancer after diagnostic doses of iodine 131: a retrospective study1988 801132-6uumhb SSSzAThyroid disease. A study in Hiroshima, Japan19634247-71.VVNJD RRzAAgricultural impact of Chemobyl: a warning1986 817NNNHB? Q^QzAEpidemiologic evaluation of leukemia incidence in children and adults in the vicinity of the nuclear power plant Kruemmel (KKK)' in Schmitz-Feuerhake I and Schmidt M; Radiation Exposures by Nuclear Facilities.1998 PPzAHealth surveys in high background radiation areas in China1980209/445877-80.jjaXR OOOzAMammalian DNA repair: use of mutants hypersensible to cytotoxic agents1988 4101-6oohd^ NNNzAChernobyl: response of medical physics departments in the United Kingdom.1986gggga MMzAIncreased exposure to pollutant aerosols under high voltage power cables199975 (12)1505-21xxof`j>W 9 ( <  |  >Tn/r|}|7K zAThe absorption of radioactive strontium by plants under field conditions in the United Kingdom195910115|v zAInfant leukemia after the Chemobyl accident1997387387; 246XXNIC zAMahaffey (eds.), Lifespan radiation effects studies in animals: What can they tell us?1986ttttn zAThe legacy of Chernobyl19905555/ zAHazards to man of nuclear and allied radiations1957MMMMG zAThe relationship of DNA double strand break induction to radiosensitivity in human tumour cell lines.199058 (3)427-438} zAThe transfer of radionuclides from sea to air to land in sea spray at Cumbria-gggge zAUS transuranium registry report on the 239Pu distribution in a human body199160 (3)307-333xxoga zAReproductive performance of miniature swine ingesting Sr-90 daily1962____Y zAPreliminary observations in the biologic effects of Sr-90 on miniature swine1962 23910-12wwojd zASr-90 induced neoplasia: a selective review, in CW. Mays, WS. Jee, and RD. Lloyd (eds.), Delayed effects of bone-seeking radionuclides1969293-322_ zAUntitled195440521//*&  zARBE of alpha particles vs. beta particles in bone sarcoma induction1980661-8.iiaa[_ zACancer induction in man from internal radioactivity197325585-92]]UQK ezAOccupational poisoning in manufacture of luminous watch dials192992 (6)466-73kkc[U zASome trends in food consumption in Great Britain 1955-711973537- 9__XVP zARadioactivity in coastal and surface waters of the British Isles.-[[[[Y ~~~zAAnalysis of stratospheric strontium-90 measurement1959641267ZZTPJ }}}zAA twenty-year survey of a rural general practice in Ireland1997YYYYS |gzALow level radiation: early infant mortality in West Germany before and after Chernobyl19921081-3||ttn_ zyzzATumour induction by methyl nitrosourea following preconceptional paternal contamination with plutonium-2391998 yyzAAlpha particles are extremely damaging to developing haemopoiesis compared with gamma irradiation1994137380-84y xxxzALow dose level mythology: An assessment of current radiation theories as compared with evidence from biological mechanisms of radiation research, evidence for the Australian Royal Commission1985 wwCzAQuantitative studies of radiation transformation with the A31-11 mouse BALB/3T3 cell line1979 391474-80|wq vv zAEnvironmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer2000343 (2)78-85lle\V uuuzALongitudinal study: social distribution of cancer.1988PPPPJ tttzAThe life history of cells in renewing systems1981 160114-58YYQKE sszAThe action of radiation on living cells1956EEEE? qqqzAThyroid hypofunction appearing as a delayed manifestation of accidental exposure to radioactive fallout in a Marshallese population. in Late biological effects of ionizing radiation, ii1978 ppzANevada test fallout and radioiodine in milk1962 137756-8VVOIC ooozAHealth effects of low dose radiation1974 651-7LLFB<t/ & C K ; u #NGbZ zABiological low dose radiation effects1991258191-205QQHC= Inconsistencies and open questions regarding low-dose health effects of ionizing radiation1994 102 (8)656-667xr zAThe linear, no-threshold-dose effect relation: is it relevant to radiation protection regulation?198925 (3)y? zAThe householder's guide to radon1989>>>>8 zARisks of leukemia and other cancers in Seascale from all sources of ionizing radiation1995ttttn zAThe risks of leukemia and other cancers in Seascale from radiation exposure. Addendum1986ssssm zAThe risks of leukemia and other cancers in Seascale from radiation exposure1984iiiic zAEnvironmental radioactivity surveillance programme-LLLLJ ozAEffects of radioactive fallout on the pregnant woman and fetus19722277-89ff^\V mzAEffect of Sr-90 and Y -90 on the chromosome apparatus of Ctenopharyngodon embryos1974ooooi mzAChernobyl accident. The radiation protection of the population. Minsk: Republic of Belarus Institute of Radiation Safety 'Belrad'.1998 mzAChernobyl accident: reasons and consequences. The expert conclusion; International Association for Restoration of the Environment and for Safe living of People (SENMURV)1997 zAX-Chromosome inactivation moasaicism in the mouse197126252-63[[SOI zAStudies on the potential effects of the atom bombs19566183-196[[RPJ zARisk of radiation induced cancer at low dose and low dose rate for radiation protection purposes.1995y zAInterim guidance on the implications of recent revisions of risk estimates and the ICRP 1987. Como Statement1987 zANational Cancer Registry Ireland1998>>>>8 zAOur load of mutations1950 2111-76??73- zAThe effects of X-radiation on genes and chromosomes19286782YYUQK zASecond analysis of the National Register for Radiation Workers: Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and mortality1999 ?zAOccupational radiation exposure and mortality: second analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers.1999 19 (1)3-26 zADNA replication and mutagenesis1988====7 zAThe change in infant mortality trend in the United States, ser. 3, no. 11964ffff` zAGenomic instability induced by ionizing radiation1996146247-258]]TOI zACancer and low level ionizing radiation19783430-41PPIE? zAEssays-  3zAInfluence of dose protraction of intermediate and high LET radiation on oncogenic transformation. C. B. Seymour and C. Mothershill; New developments in fundamental and applied radiobiology1991 zAX-ray dose fractionation and oncogenic transformations in culture mouse embryo cells197827258-60.wrl zABreast cancer in relation to low LET radiation: The Canadian study of cancer following multiple fluoroscopies1988186? zAThe oncogenic transforming potential of the passage of single alpha particles through mammalian cell nuclei.19999619-22 zAOncogenic transformation in cultured mouse embrio cells with split doses of X-rays1979765755-8||tpj)q = ) ; ! 1 e 6 `_s zAMother country1989,,,,& zAXeroderma pigmentosum: An inherited disease with sun sensitivity, multiple cutaneous neoplasms and abnormal DNA repair197480221-48 zAStudies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. iv. Mortality and radiation dose 1950-66, ed. GW Beebe, H. Kato, and CE Land197148613-49 zACancer mortality among A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 1950-1982, ed. DL Preston, H Kato, KJ Kopecky and S Fujita. Lifespan study report no. 10, pt I: Cancer mortality1987111? zAStudies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. vii. Mortality 1950-78, pt I: Cancer mortality, ed. H Kato and WJ Schull198290395- 432 zAStudies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. vi. Mortality and radiation dose 1950-1974, ed. GW Beebe, H Kato and CE Land197875138-201 zAStudies on the mortality of A-bomb survivors. v. Radiaton dose and mortality, 1950-1970. Ed. S. Jablon and H. Kato197250649-98 zASensitivity of a human hybrid cell line (Hela x skin fibroblast) to radiation induced neoplastic transformation in G2, M, and mid-G1 phases of the cell cycle.1990 121206-11 zAReay and Hope vs. BNFL1993@C@444. zAEnvironmental radioactivity surveillance programme 1990-19931995ZZZZT zARadioactivity monitoring of the Irish marine environment, 1993-19951996aaaa[ zAThe effect of changes in dosimetry on cancer mortality risk estimates in the atomic bomb survivors1988114z? >zAPlutonium in autopsy tissues in Great Britain198549304TTOKE >zAPlutonium in autopsy tissues in Great Britain1986KKKKE zAThe dose-effect relationship of chromosome aberrations to and irradiation in a population subjected to an increased burden of natural radioactivity19798061-81 zARadioactive fallout in air and rain; results to the end of 19901992]]]]W zAEffect of chronic irradiation of a pike Esix lucius on its reproductive function1978114sssnh? zANatural radiation and cancer mortality in several areas of Northern Brittany1975 4/4311-16xxpjd CzAThe role of lifestyle and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh Day Adventists1975353513-22yuo zAInfant leukemia after in utero exposure to radiation from Chernobyl1996382 (25)352ppka[ zARadiation carcinogenesis from a membrane perspective198049281-90^^WRL zAAn epidemiologic approach to low level radium-226 exposure196681 (9)805-14hh`XR zAStillbirths among offspring of male radiation workers at Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant19993541407-1414|v  zAThe philosophy of science199677771 zABirth statistics 1971-89-22220 zACumulative post neonatal mortality1991@@@@: zATrends in cancer mortality, ser. DN1 no. 11, ed. C. Osmond, MJ. Gardner, ED Acheson, and AM. Adelstein1983~ zACancer statistics registrations 19791983BBBB< zACancer statistics: incidence, survival, mortality in England and Wales.1981eeee_ zAAdaptive response of human lymphocyte to low concentrations of radioactive thymidine1984 223594-7xrl:LVALj lNConcentrations of plutomiun-239, plutonium-240, strontium-90 and total a-emitters have been measured in childrens teeth collected throughout Great Britain and Ireland. The concentrations of plutonium and strontium-90 were measured in batched samples each containing approximately 50 teeth, using low background radiochemical methods. Regression analysis indicated that the concentrations of plutonium, but not strontium-90 or total a-emitters, decreased with increasing distance from the Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant  suggesting that this plant is a source of plutonium contamination in the wider population of the British Isles. Nevertheless, the measured absolute concentrations of plutonium were so low they are considered to present an insignificant radiol. HazardTissues removed at autopsy from members of the general public contain significantly higher concentrations of plutonium and 137Cs in west Cubrians than in people from three other regions of Great Britain. Several autopsy cases from Cumbria showed unusually high values of plutonium. Subsequently it was found that the subjects had been former employees of British Nuclear Fuels. - -This case was brought to the High Court in London by the families of two of the leukemia victims from the Seascale cluster. BNFL called the NRPB scientists and other eminent establishment experts incl. Sir R Doll to testify on their behalf and destroy the plaintiff's case that it was radioactivity from the plant that caused their illnesses. During the trial some new info emerged. In 1954 Seascale was contaminated by Sr90 from the plant at 5000Bq/m2 some 20 times higher than the peak levels of weapons fallout. Nevertheless the court found for the defendants, largely on the basis of the Japanese A-bomb studies. Leigh, Day and Co, prosecution solicitors made available to Green Audit a transcript of the trial.O: @ L E G ]L-b7G zACell biology and genetics199277771 zARisks from radiation: perception and reality19935302-308UULJD zASocial trends 20, Central Statistical Office1990JJJJD zAOn the mode of transmission of cholera. (London: privately publ.) repr. as Snow on cholera, ed. WH Frost1849 zAHeart development of Sr-90 injured rats. in YI Moskalev and YI Izd eds. Radioaktiv Izotopy Organizs1969 348{? zAX-ray sensitivity during the cell generation cycle of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells196629450-74|xr zAPotential radiation doses to members of the public due to Sellafield discharges at the limits requested by BNF plc1993 zABreast cancer among women given X-ray therapy for acute post-partum mastitis1986773ppnjd zAComparison of risk coefficients for site specific cancer mortality based on the DS86 and T65DR shielded kerma and organ doses1987 zAFailure of the effluent pipe line at Sutton Courtenay on 1st August 1961- Health physics aspects.1961y zAAn unusual cluster of Down's Syndrome, born to past students of an Irish boarding school1983287287{vp zAMyolegous leukemia and anemia occurs in descendants of albino rats administered Sr90.196238 (3)242{sm zASaturation of repair. in AD Woodhead ed. Assessment of risk from low level exposure to radiation and chemicals1985251-60_ zACancer mortality in Japan, 1899-19621965BBBB< zAI don't know much about Science: Political decision making in scientific and technical areas.2000{{{{u  zACase control studies19822007722,_ zAThe ecology of the Chernobyl catastrophe: Scientific outlines of an international programme of collaborative research1995 zAAdaptive response to human lymphocytes to low-level radiation from radioisotopes or X-rays19892117-12}xr zAA new pathway for DNA repair in Escherischia coli1977267281-3[[TOI zARepresentations of the intellectual1993AAAA; zAA comparative analysis of radiation lethality in mammals.1955 151125-44ee\WQ zATumour induction in mouse epidermal cells irradiated by hot particles.199363 (3)375-rrld^ zALow dose radiation and cancer1987;;;;5 zARepair mechanisms in radiation mutation induction in the mouse-20179-89dd\XV zAThe effects of radiation on mammalian prenatal development. in A Hollaender ed. Radiation biology, i1954861-918|_ zAInfective cause of childhood leukemia1989i94IIEC= zASixth report: Nuclear power and the environment1976MMMMG zACase control study of prostatic cancer in employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority1993 3071391-7y zACase control study of leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among children aged 0-4 years in West Berkshire and North Hampshire Health Districts1993306615-21 zACancer in children of nuclear industry employees: report on children aged under 25 years from nuclear industry family study19993181443-50 zAPrinciples of epidemiology198288882 b&  X  -  ~M U zAInfluence of gamma-irradiation on the development of neoplastic disease in mice. III. Dose rate effects197980325-42 zARelation between cancer incidence of mortality and external natural background radiation in Japan. in Biological effects of low level radiation1983253-62_ zADiet, nutrition and cancer in Japan19928125- 132MMCA; zAExplanation of ideology, family structure and social systems1988ZZZZT CzAX-radiation induced transformation in a C3H mouse embryo derived cell line1976361367-74uulhb zAChanges in X-ray sensitivity of Hela cells during the division cycle19611901210-11ppgb\   zARadiation protection standards. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control197181-124sskke_   zASocial factors, diet and breast cancer in a northern Italian population198449723-9ppie_   zADifferentiation of X-chromosomes in early female mouse embryos197486127-35hh`\V   zARepair of radiation induced lethal and mutational damage in Chinese hamster cells in vitro Mutational Damage in Chinese Hamster Cells in Vitro197954109-19 zADNA damage and repair in skin in situ. in Castellani, A. Ed., DNA damage and repair.1989rrrrl zAThe dangers of low level radiation1987@@@@: 0zARadiation risks1991----' 0zAComments on draft authorisations by HM Pollution Inspectorate for disposal of gaseous and liquid waste from Sellafield1992 zAChildhood cancer since the accident at Chemobyl.1996 310801YYTNH zAInvestigations of environmental excess around putative sources: statistical problems and a proposed test1988 7649-60 zAEffects of small doses of radioactive strontium on the rate bone marrow19687321-9nnge_ zAThe worldwide deposition of long-lived fission products from nuclear test explosions: Results up to the middle of 19581957 zAThe worldwide deposition of long-lived fission products from nuclear test explosions1957rrrrl zAThe radiological dose to persons in the United Kingdom due to debris from nuclear test explosions.1955z zAA survey of childhood malignancies1958 I1495JJD@: zAMalignant disease in childhood and diagnostic irradiation in utero1956 ii447jje`Z zALeukemia incidence in children in relation to radiation exposure in early life. in M. Ebert and A. Howard (eds.), Current topics in radiation research, i1965 zADelayed effects of A-bomb radiation: A review of recent mortality rates and risk estimates for five-year survivors1982 26 (2)80-6 zAEnvironmental radiation and human health. in Proceedings of the sixth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, ed. J. Neyman1971 ?zACrookes Lecture to the Royal Society of Radiology1993OOOOI zASecret fallout1981,,,,& 7zABreast cancer: evidence for a relation with fission-products in the diet.199323 (4)783-804xxoga zACytogenic investigation of people in Finland using household water with high natural radioactivity- 36441-4|z zAUntitled, J. Caldecott and R. Snyder (eds.), Radioisotopes in the biosphere1961132nnnic?!? . ~  e  0 OM},oll@@ 6A Enter title here2003....(  6A Enter title here2003....(y  6ALow intensity radiation: radiobiological aspects199562 (1/2) 13-18.aaYNH 4The Radiological Hazards of Plutonium2003CCCC= 3AMicrodosimetry for Leukemogenic Target Cells for Bone- Incorporated Alpha  Emitting Radionuclides199879(1-4)391-394| 18An unexpected rise in strontium-90 in US deciduous teeth in the 1990s2003in pressKznnd^ /3utThe role of epidemiology in the detection of harmful effects of radiation.2000108 (2)93-96@Jxqhb .gutGenetic effects of strontium-90 on immature germ-cells in mice.1963199303-304@Iwkb]W ---utIonizing radiation. Part 2: Some internally deposited radionuclides200078479-480@Iznea[ ,,?utGetting the message across: is communicating risk to the public worth it?20022279-850@H~rkga ++%utStudies on the Techa river populations: dosimetry20024141-44*@HfZSOI *%utStudies on the Mayak nuclear workers: health effects20024129-31$@Gi]VRL (utLetter. Leukaemia and Sellafield198425 Aug@GRFF>8 '@&utVariations in the concentration of plutonium, strontium-90 and total alpha-emitters in human teeth collected within the British Isles1997201235 243@C &>&utPlutonium and Cs-137 in autopsy tissues in Great Britain198870321-334@CocZVP $$$zAComparison of the biological effects of Sr-90, Cs-137, I-131 and external irradiation1974ssssm ###zAMolecular biology of the gene, ii, 4th edn.1987IIIIC "" zABreast cancer after the exposure to atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki1968279667-71xxpke !!!zARepair of lethal, mutagenic and transforming damage induced by X-rays in golden hamster embryo cells198451293-9|   zARadiation, genes, and man196077771 zACancer registration in Wales 1984-881994BBBB< zAInitial mechanisms of "natural" and radiation induced ageing, in Kuzin AM and Alexandrow SN. (eds.), Uspekhi Radiobiologii, i197887-97_ zACase control study of leukemia among young people near La Hague nuclear reprocessing plant: The environmental hypothesis revisited199714101-6 zAIncidence of leukemia in young people and the La Hague nuclear waste reprocessing plant: a sensitivity analysis1995142459-2472 zALate effects of fast neutrons and gamma rays in mice as influenced by dose rate of irradiation: Induction of neoplasia197041467-91 zAReport to the General Assembly, suppl.14, A63141964MMMMG zAIonizing radiation: Sources and effects1993EEEE? zASources, effects, and risks of ionizing radiation1988OOOOI zAIonizing radiation: Sources and biological effects1982PPPPJ zAReport to the General Assembly, suppl. 14, N5814. New York UN1964100```[U? zAInfluence of dose, dose rate and radiation quality on radiation carcinogenesis and life shortening in RFM and BALB/C mice. in Proceedings of a symposium on the late effects of ionizing radiation.1979LVALT 0The Mayak facility in Ozyorsk, Russian Federation, began operations in 1948 as the first and largest weapons facility in the former Soviet Union (Mayak Production Association, Mayak PA). The health studies on workers at the main Mayak plants have the potential to fill important gaps in radiation epidemiology. Both the external exposures and the plutonium exposures exceeded by far those of nuclear workers in other countries. Thus they offer the singular opportunity to provide reasonably precise quantitative estimates of risks from protracted exposure to external radiation and from internal exposure to plutonium. Both male and female workers were exposed. The resulting risk estimates can be compared with those from other sources, especially those from the atomic bomb survivors.Sir, the report by Sir Douglas Black and his collaegues on the nuclear reprocessing plant at Sellafield, contains three basic misconceptions. First, to argue that the link between the increased rate of childhood leukaemia and radioactive discharges is not proven is scientifically meaningless. A hypothesis about a causal relationship can never be proved; It can only be disproved.. . . When Mr P. Wilkinson, director of Greenpeace, gave evidence to the enquiry Sir Douglas told him that the primary function of his enquiry was  to reassure the Cumbrian public . The Cumbrian public may come to view the doctors and others on the Black enquiry with as much suspicion as they now regard the management of British Nuclear Fuels.LVAL The public and media often seem irrational in their conception of hazard and risk. Scare stories abound, and large sums of money may be spent to mitigate tiny risks. This article describes why it may be human not to be entirely logical about risk. The article also describes what makes risk professionals afraid of entering a public debate on risk. This information is then used to help define how we could improve communication with the public about risk. We discuss how the National Radiological Protection Board is tackling this now.The combined dosimetric and epidemiologic study of the Extended Techa River Cohort (ETRC) is deemed important, as this cohort is one of a very few that can be studied to examine the question of whether there is a dose rate-reduction factor in the induction of stochastic effects by radiation. This represents a central issue in radiation protection of workers and the public. The overall scientific hypothesis to be tested by the combined dosimetric and epidemiologic study of the ETRC is whether radiation dose delivered at low dose rates is equally as effective (in causing cancer and other stochastic effects) as the same dose delivered at high rates.The purpose of the enhanced dose reconstruction is to support companion epidemiologic studies of radiogenic leukaemia and solid cancersvLVALH In a recent paper1 we showed that injection of strontium-90 into male mice (CBA strain) caused an increased intra-uterine death rate in matings occurring within 5 weeks after the injection. This period of matings corresponds to effects upon spermatozoa, spermatides and spermatocytes. In order to examine the effects of strontium-90 on spermatogogonia we kept these males without females for another 5 weeks. There is a higher rate of intra-uterine death in matings to non-daughers than to daughters. The whole effect seems to be due to dominant lethals. This cannot be due to the presence of translocations.Radium-224 (224 Ra) and its decay products are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Radium-226 (226 Ra) and its decay products are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Radium-228 (228 Ra) and its decay products are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Radium-226 (226 Ra) and its decay products are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). " All radionuclides that emit -particles and that have been adequately studied have been shown to cause cancer in humans and in experimental animals. This includes hydrogen-3, which produces -particles of very low energy " -particles emitted by radionuclides, irrespective of their source, have been shown to cause chromosomal aberrations in circulating lymphocytes and gene mutations in humans in vivo.P LVALb bSubsequent to 1987, 8 U.S. nuclear plants located at least 113 km from other reactors ceased operations. Strontium-90 levels in local milk declined sharply after closings, as did deaths among infants who had lived downwind and within 64 km of each plant. These Reductions occurred during the first 2 yr that followed closing of the plants, were sustained for at least 6 yr, and were especially pronounced for birth defects. Trends in infant deaths in proximate areas not downwind, and more than 64 km from the closed plants, were not different from the national patterns. In proximate areas for which data were available, cancer incidence in children younger than 5 yr of age fell significantly after the shutdowns. Changes in health following nuclear reactor closings may help elucidate the relationship between low-dose radiation exposure and disease Data relating to acute injuries of atomic bomb survivors show that the life span study cohort is biased in favor of exceptionally low levels of radiosensitivity. These data also show that factors influencing the death rates of this cohort include irreversible damage to the immune system. These impressions are still awaiting confirmation. Meanwhile, the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers and surveys of nuclear workers show that at low dose levels the cancer risk is much greater than estimates based on atomic bomb survivors; the special association between leukemia and radiation is an exclusively high dose effect and levels of radiosensitivity are much lower in the middle of the life span than at either extreme.LVALLFor several decades, the United States has been without an ongoing program measuring levels of fission products in the body. Strontium- 90 (Sr-90) concentrations in 2089 deciduous (baby) teeth, mostly from persons living near nuclear power reactors, reveal that average levels rose 48.5% for persons born in the late 1990s compared to those born in the late 1980s.This trend represents the first sustained increase since the early 1960s, before atmospheric weapons tests were banned. The trend was consistent for each of the five states for which at least 130 teeth are available. The highest averages were found in Southeastern Pennsylvania, and the lowest in California (San Francisco and Sacramento), neither of which is near an operating nuclear reactor. In each state studied, the average Sr-90 concentration is highest in counties situated closest to nuclear reactors. It is likely that, 40 years after large-scale atmospheric atomic bomb tests ended, much of the current in-body radioactivity represents nuclear reactor emissions. The only other source of Sr-90 that can explain this steady and dramatic rise in the 1990s is emissions from nuclear power reactors. Because reactors operated a greater percentage of the time, average annual generation of electricity rose 37.5% from 475 000 to 653 000 GW h from 1986-1989 vs.1994 -1997, an increase not markedly different from the 48.5% rise in average Sr-90 levels at birth (US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2001). Determining the extent of the correlation between these two trends requires more precise investigation. Another major finding is that the counties located within 40 miles of each of six nuclear reactors have consistently higher Sr-90 levels than other counties in the same state. These counties were selected to generally correspond with those used by the US National Cancer Institute in a study of cancer near nuclear plants (Jablon et al., 1990). The excess near each nuclear plant ranged, with one exception, from 30.8 to 53.8% higher. 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855-2100(905) 855-7626CAH{kb^QQ<(  SClark Animal HospitalDr. David Clark130 Alpine RdKitchenerONN2E 1A1(519) 745-5647(519) 745-1138CAHzuuueULH==.  SClarington Animal HospitalDr. Bill Mingram2727 Courtice RdBldg. 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Bu@mNOntario, India, AirlineAir Canada to Launch Non-Stop Toronto-New Delhi Service in October@sG. Bu@NAlberta, India, Oil and gas, AcquisitionsCanoro Resources Increases Stake in Indian Oil and Gas Field@sY. Bu@NOntario, Vietnam, ConstructionMagnum of Canada to Build Resort in Da Nang, Vietnam@sCanadian Embassy, BangkokN. Bu@NChina, Information and Communications Technologies, ICT, Bilateral RelationsTeam Trade Canada ICT Organizing Mission to PT/Wireless & Networks Comm China 2003 in November.@s|. m                                          KJKLfK/eKMhKgLKLMkLiL2jMslMoMmM#pM:LMnNZMOZNPpOQsQrQvQpPQqQVtQxuRKxRwRpQSRSAT[UHBU[SV[TW[UXYYVZWZC[X\OD\]Y_Z`[a\b]c^d_eg`haibi2Ejckdlemfngo{hp{ q{ir{js{kt{lu{mv{nw{oy-Fy{qzcJz{rzI{cL{{s{K|{t}{u~vwMxyaz{|}N~O   P*"#[}`6LK6666.11p588888E<FD@IGJMoPRYZ//}n^dffi  lmrrtsy 555 5 5} 5} 5}}}}}}}} } } ~} } }[}[}}}} }!}"}#}$}%}&}'}(})}*}+},} -}!.}"/}#0}$1}%2}&3}'4.}(5.})6.}*7}+8},9}-:}.;}/<}0=}1>}2?}3@}4A}5B}6C}7D}8E}9F}:H};I}<J}=K}>L }?M}@N}AO&}BP&}CQ'}DR2}ES3}FT7}GU8}HV=}IYC}JZH}K[L}L\}M^X}N_Y}O`Z}Pax}Qb_}Rc`}S                                                                                       z}{J|O}[~d~~} kyT`<%,BJR]{8},}-}.@N   6Kbhqy~i}}]&1EXmt~"&<QZk}u &."=Ep KP\lzL!Dvw}`}a,m}n}o  -}}}} } } "CKS^|Uao=;cirzdj'2Yu_ ' [ l   '}f#>}>Q_:]n{bm3$9DLM `!}"##p$>%k&'()(*Z*++v,-..}(.}).}*/0(1\234 5566$6-67?8R9^:|::::V:]:c:L;<=> ?a@~A?A}B)CwDD}tE)F^GH II}I}J JKK% au sondage associent le Canada l'industrie de pointe et une proportion moindre d entre eux considrent le Canada comme une conomie dynamique. Cependant, le sondage a mis en lumire d autres qualits qui auront ventuellement un impact plus important sur l image du Canada en Asie du Sud-est. Companies devote much time, effort and money to understanding and managing the perceptions held by their customers, suppliers, employees, and capital markets. Whether called marketing, public relations, or awareness-building, the principle is the same: when success or failure depends in part upon the impressions made with others, it is important to ensure that the desired message is being received and understood. Does this principle also apply to countries? Does it matter how Canada is perceived abroad? Do we know enough about the current state of Canada's brand in Asia to profitably augment that image without wasting resources or compromising those who benefit from the current image? These are complex  but important - questions. As a first step in addressing them, the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada undertook a survey of how Canada is perceived in Southeast Asia. The results were telling. Only 19% of the respondents to the survey associated Canada with high-tech industry. Even fewer thought of Canada as a dynamic economy. However, the survey suggested there are other qualities that, in the long run, may be of significant benefit to Canada s image, at least in Southeast Asia. rZZ7ssssss^II6   ͂m mmX D ,    ] H .  s R RR2  z Z E 0 0 v ] H 2  qWWBNjsW?pO9""  yXD'`L0ÇG  |||ddO9% ICRP international commission on radiation protec9cancercancerleukcancerlcancercancerleukaemiax-ray genetic{cancerzleukaemia1leukaemiaix-ray childhood leukaemiaICRP international commission on radiation protec9IARC Internation Agency for research on cancer6ICRP international commission on radiation protec9ICRP international commission on radiation protec9cancer riskaerial dischargeleukaemialeukaemiabreast cancergamma ionizing radiationexternal radiationChernobylauger emittergeneticabsorbed doseaerial dischargealpha particleradon internal radiationinternal radiationleukaemialeukaemialeukaemiacancercancertritiummutationtritiuminternal radiationinternal radiationalpha particlenuclear weapons testingalpha emittergeneticgeneticlow dose irradiationleukaemiaabsorbed doseleukaemiaradioactive exposureradiumbone cancerradiation geneticsradiation exposurelow dose irradiationcancercancer risklung cancerDNA targetbackground radiationabsorbed doseradiumradiation risk factorthyroidgeneticcancerfetal doseradon radiation risk factorradiation geneticsradiation risk factorionizing radiationabsorbed dosecancercancerinternal exposureinternal exposureexternal radiationgeneticfetal dosePu239 x-ray internal exposureinternal exposureinternal radiationradiation geneticsmutationradiation dosesgamma ionizing radiationChernobylleukaemiacancer riskcancerchildhood leukaemiachildhood leukaemiainternal exposurealpha particleradiation exposureChernobylcancerleukaemiaradon cancercancerplacental concentrations internal exposurebackground radiationleukaemiadose responsegenetic~risk }cancer|cancerwuraniumvinternal radiationuinternal radiationtbeta emittersuraniumrradioactive exposureqChernobylolow dose irradiationnChernobylmlow level radiationllow dose irradiationkgeneticjfetal dosehchromosomal++ϧ  5  V $ --1#1@W QComparison of cytogenetic damage i Q QC Enter title here2003....( Enter title here2003....( QComparison of cytogenetic damage in cultured cells from cobalt-60 gamma-radiation and the Auger emitter zinc-652000721223-1231 PThe Problem of Auger Emitters for Radiological Protection2000761223-1231rf[WQ OVictims of the nuclear age 199929408-411RF=93 NNo Immediate Danger1985=111+ MMortality of employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-19791985297757-770{rmg LDelayed lethality, apoptosis and micronucleus formation in human fibroblasts irradiated with X-rays or alpha-particles199975985-93 KDirect evidence for a bystander effect of ionizing radiation in primary human fibroblasts200184674-9{wq JThe Health Effects of Exposure to Radon. 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In: Health Effects of Internally Deposited Radionuclides: Emphasis on Radium and Thorium. Eds. G. van Kaick, A. Karaoglou, A.M. Kellerer.1995353-360  Multiple Exposures: Chronicles of the Radiation Age1989]QQQK Leukaemia in young children1988ii960NB=93 Radium dial workers: Issues concerning dose response and modeling1997147707-714ymd_Y Characterization of singlenucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes199922231-238~uqk Genetic diseases in offspring of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer 19986245-52zvp ~1Zinc in male sex accessory organs: distribution and hormonal response. In: Male Accessory Sex Organs, Ed. D. Brandes1974161-171 }The effects of Sellafield on cancer incidence in Ireland from 1994 to 1996. Analysis of national Cancer Registry small areas data, Report 2000/122000 |Cancer mortality and proximity to Oldbury Nuclear Power Station in Gloucestershire 1995-1999. Including all malignancies, female breast, prostate and lung cancer mortality. With an analysis of childhood leukemia incidence in ages 0-4 between 1974 to 1990 2001) {Cancer mortality and proximity to Bradwell nuclear power station in Essex, 1995-1999. 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Stage specificity, dose response& doubling dose for mouse minisatellite germ-line mutation induced by acute radiation1998956251-6255 Induction of minisatellite mutations in the mouse germline by low-dose chronic exposure to -radiation and fission neutrons200045317-24 Mouse minisatellite mutations induced by ionizing radiation1993592-94nb[YS  Human minisatellite mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident 1996380683-686wkb]W The Geographical Epidemiology of Childhood Leukaemia and non-Hodgkin Lymphomas in Great Britain, 1966-831991 Childhood leukaemia and natural radiation1991337503-504aULGA Paternal exposure not to blame 1994367678-680WKB=7 Enter title here2003....( The Seascale cluster: a probable explanation 1999813-5`TOKE The epidemiology of childhood leukaemia1989152 (3)341-351cWNE? 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" u ^ A ! jV:|eQ/mmS>>>" u]C/ qMM+ëëëëëëÏnP/ždose riskdose riskinterndose riskdose riskidose riskdose riskdose riskdose riskdose riskdose riskradiumdose riskrdose riskradiumradiumgeneticleukaemiainternal radiationradiation exposurerisk estimation~ionizing radiation}absorbed dosewdose riskvalpha particleualpha particletmutationrlymphomaqchildhood leukaemiapradiation risk factorocancernabsorbed dosemplutoniumlcancerkabsorbed dosejradiation biologyiradiation risk factorhgamma gcancer riskfChernobylecancerdabsorbed dosecabsorbed dosebgenomic instabilityax-ray `cancer_cancer^absorbed dose\cancer[chromosomalYleukaemiaVnuclear weapons testingUchromosomalTradon SchromosomalQdose effect relationship PcancerOgenomic instabilityNSr 90 MmutationLaerial dischargeKlow dose irradiationJcancerIradon HcancerFionizing radiationEalpha particleDabsorbed doseCAm241 BcancerAinternal radiation@leukaemia?tritium>x-ray =mutation<x-ray ;radon :radiation biology9alpha particle8mutation7dosimetric model6cancer5chromosomal4dose response3mutation2mutation1cancer0alpha particle/absorbed dose-cancer,leukaemia+leukaemia*tritium)radon (auger emitter'dose risk&MAYAK %cancer$cancer risk#bone cancer"genetic!genetic leukaemiaalpha particlex-ray geneticcancer riskradiation risk factorradiumChernobylradon bone cancergeneticalpha particleradiation exposureionizing radiationalpha particlecanceractinidesabsorbed dose genetic mutation mutation geneticmutationmutationmutationcancerChernobylcancerleukaemiaalpha emitterchildhood leukaemiaalpha emitterinternal radiationinternal exposureICRP international commission on radiation protec9IARC Internation Agency for research on cancer6ICRP international commission on radiation protec9ICRP international commission on radiation protec9cancerRaB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!zzzzzzzzzzz                                                                                                                   8888888889999999999 9 99999999999:::::::::: : : : : :::::::::::::::::;;;;;;;;;; ; ; ; ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<<<<<:::::;;;;;;;;;; ; ; ; ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;<<<<<<<<<< < < < < <<<<<yH\~qdWJ=0# zm`SF9, v i \ O B 5 (     r e X K > 1 $  { n a T G : -   w j ] P PC C6 ) )   s f Y L ? 2 % % |obUH;.!xk^QD7*tgZM@3& }pcVVI</"yl_RE8+uhBritish Columbia, BC, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, High-tech, AcquisitionsMultiactive Software Acquires Controlling Interest in Hong Kong's ABC Data & Telecom@~. @RRRRRRRRPPPPmOIN >  i l lkkjjjj>2)*((%#!O;z  .Q)+IIAxD~}wvouotprjpoSnfmlekejeieheg<fcead`c`b_ax`Z_Y^X\[LZHYCV=U8T7S3R2Q'P&O&NML KJIHFEDCBA@?>=<;:9876.5.4.3210/.-,+*)('&%$#"! [[~ 5 5 5-                                                                          4E(Ffz|Q#1 w $ 0  O v ~ /   W u z D L ;WJI~,G.Pkos)<NXPR^%UrO&]@LSnt#m#%3%Y%*%:&Z&9(R(+(8(X)5)Q)[)7)Q)S)Y-Ŕ-ŕ-Ŗ-ŗ-Ř-ř-Ś-ś-Ŝ-ŝ-Ş-ş-Š-š// /6/h// //-/6/P///%//000\000500$171/11292s23-3T4O4R78m8888=989M:2:S:p::;:: : :&;^;>;C<<<><[==<>>*>??i?#?2?AAAwAA?BBBBB>BeBvBBJBfBB5B:BFBGBZCC+C_CuCCICC4C9C;C@CNDDDtD"D'DHD]D EE?EVE}EVEE#E.F FFbFhFyFFG GGHYHxHHAHTI(IIII$IGI`IgIpIIIII8IDJ JJ(J1J3J^JaJJJVJWKXKrK4KFKZKoKK"K0KHLLL@LNLUL`LEL2MANN{NlN N3OxOOP!QBQMQcQcQcQcQcQcQUQ\R=RR&RjR S<SkSTaTDT'T]UV V,WjWXKXqXY[[\y]b]]C]q^H^l^__Bc?c_d dAd\eceKe[f:g"g gg)7J&&)&n&}'|'B'K'L( (d(=(6(E** *.*_*{*++,*----g-0-d1`1a578h:;j<k=l>n?o@pAqBrCsDtEuFvGwHxIyJzK{L|M}N~OPQRSUVWYZ[\]_`abcdefghgigjgkglgmgngogqg rg sg tg ug vgwgxgygzg{g|g}g~gggggggg g!g"g#g&g'g(g)g,g+g-g.g/g0g1g2g3gg4g5g6g7g8g9g:g;g>g?g@gAgBgCgDgEgFgGgHgIgJgKgLgMgNgOgPgQgRgSgTgVgWgXgYgZg[g\g]g^g_g`gagbgcgdgegfggghgigjgkglgmgogpgqgrgtgugv{gwgxgygzg|g}g~ggggggggggggggggggg{{{{{{{{{ { { { {{{{{ { { { {{{{{{{{{{{ {!{"{#{${%{&{' {(!{)"{*                                                                                                             #{+${,%{-&{.'{/({0){2*{3+{4,{5-{6.Œ/{90{:1{;2{<3{=4{?5{@6{A7{B8{C9{D:{E;{F<{G={H>{I?{J@{KA{LB{MC{ND{OE{PF{QG+H{RI{SJ{TK{UL{VM{WN{XO{YP{ZQ{[RS{]T{^U{_V{`W.XY{aZ[{c\{d]/^{g_{h`{ia{jb{kc{ld{me{nf{og{ph{qi{rj{sk{tl{um{vn{wo{xp{yq{{r{|t{}u{~v{w{x3y4z5|8}{~{{{{{{{{     !"#$%'()*+,-./12456789:;<=>?@ABCDGHIJKLNOPQRTjUVYZ[\]^_`acefghiklnpqrtvyz{|}~w     Ő !"#$ % & ' ( )*+f+g+h,../ 0"1g2H3i4K5 6N78Y9k: ;o<p=q>r?v@ń@Ņ@ņ@ŇAyBCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVVťVŦVŧWXXYYYZZ[\\\\]]^__`aabcccddeeeefgghiij kkkll l!m"n%n&o-o.p/q0q1s6t:t;t<uvBvCvDw^xJxKyOyPyQzVzW{Y|\|]}`~c~defgklmqrsōŎœũŪŭŮůŰűŲųŴŶŷźŻżŽžſJKLMNOPQRSTUVVťVŦVŧWXXYYYZZ[\\\\]]^__`aabcccddeeeefgghiij kkkll l!m"n%n&o-o.p/q0q1s6t:t;t<uAvBvCvDw^xJxKyOyPyQzVzW{Y|\|]}`~c~defgklmqrsōŎœŨũŪūŭ'   _  {g%}u @!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!   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IN: Radiation Carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and Biological Significance. eds J D Boice and J F Fraumeni198497-105 `Influence of exposure rate on lung cancer induction in rats exposed to radon progeny199410264-73~wrl _Childhood cancer after prenatal exposure to diagnostic X-ray examinations in Britain199062152-68~vrl ^Megalin-mediated endocytosis of transcobalamin-vitamin-B12 complexes suggests a role of the receptor in vitamin-B12 homeostasis1996938612-7 okkkkkkxxxxxxxx x x x xxxxxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyy y y y y yyyyyyyyyyyyyzzzzzzzz z z z z zzzzzzzzzzzz                                                                         3,000. b                                                              @ @@ @ @     @ @ @MJbMQi4MJbMQi5MJbMQi6MJbMQi7MJbMQi8MJbMQi9MJbMQi:MJbMQi;MJbMQiMJbMQi?MJbMQi@MJbMQiAMJbMQiBMJbMQiDMJbMQi~MJbMQiMJbMQigMJbMQigMJbMQig#MJbMQig&MJbMQig)MJbMQig2MJbMQigGMJbMQigHMJbMQigQMJbMQig]MJbMQigvMJbMQigwMJbMQigMJbMQigMJbMQi{MJbMQi{ MJbMQi{MJbMQi{MJbMQi{-MJbMQi{6MJbMQi{;MJbMQi{AMJbMQi{MMJbMQi{RMJbMQi{TMJbMQi{ZMJbMQi{dMJbMQi{hMJbMQi{iMJbMQi{nMJbMQi{uMJbMQi{xMJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQi!MJbMQi)MJbMQi*MJbMQi+MJbMQi5MJbMQiIMJbMQiLMJbMQiPMJbMQiQMJbMQiaMJbMQicMJbMQizMJbMQi|MJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQiMJbMQi MJbMQi MJbMQi"MJbMQi$MJbMQi?@ @@   @@@  @     @@@@@@   @@ @  WJiiQi- WJiiYkJ^/CWJiiYkdb[O20WJiiYkdbi,WJiiYkkU-WJim`Jbb`6WJioxdY6WJkmQi^Y\i[WJmJ\QvJ`Jk6WJmMW`M6WJmmMWdoMQ^[`6WJqY^JbOJ-WJs\Ybk``6WJvJkWYk6WJv^dM\iUQ3aWJvbQki+0WJxxJiOiJ6WQJk`Jb`J-WQOUQk`2LWQUUQbU6WQYm\6 WQY`QikJ26WQ``Yb\Y\3@WQ`dbO6WQ`fQ^`Jb^2\WQbOQikdbQW/WQbOiv[W1 WQbbdbM2CWQbiYMWk\6"WQbkWJsO^2iWQbkWJsO^6!WQsYmmO0 WQvsddO[\-WYM\`JbJs6#WYM\kdbYO-WYQLQi^1WYUUYbkMO.?WYUWLJM\UidobOiJOYJmYdbiQkQJiMWUidof-WY^JivYL0WY^OiQmWb0WY^^JL6$WY^^M\/=WY^^`O6(WYidmJv6'WYikmLW6%WYvJ`J\6&W[J^`Jiko+WdOUQkU`6)WdOUkdbJ6-WdQY[`J\Qik[W6*WdSQi\U6+WdSS`JbSd+-WdSS`Jbs6,WdSS`Jbbs2lWdSkJkkW1WdWQbQ`kQiM-Wd^UoYbJW1#Wd^^YbUksdimWOi-Wd^^dsQ^^[U6.Wd^`^Q-Wd^`bq/KWd^`LQiU\6/Wd^`QkJ2 Wd^`QkSS60Wd^`QkUQ61Wd^`QkkJ/@WdbOJv1Wdf\Ybk\`.QWdf\YbkbW0WdiY\JsJ`1/WdibYM\k63WdibkQvQk3WdibobUis62WdiiY^^JO/WdkWYW0WdokQdSMd``dbkWQJ^mWMd``YmmQQ-WdqQi\W65WdqQk\f64WdsQUi/XWdsQ^^kW/+WdvQk\fWikm\dqJW3MWioLQMx6;WoQbJWoUd68Wo^mQb`33Wo`fWiQvkQi66Wo`fWiQvk[JW67WobmU[+WobmQiU6:WobxY\Qis69WomMWYbkdbWm0jYJQJ-YJiM6^YJidkWQqYMWiS2+YMif-YOQ`/>Y\QOJm6YqJbdqQf+YqJbdqqQ1?YqJbdqq\0[YqQii6AYsJWJkWYv0YsJ`dmd\k6?YsJkJ\Ym6@YvQii:[Yxo`Yk6B[JL^db0R[JL^dbk6CKu<%KrK{@K.KAKBLH  )@A@  @@@  @ @@ @ @ @ @@ @`diUJb\x-@`diUJb`1D`diUJbsS8`diUJbsf-A`diYm8`diYb`8`diYvJ`JY`-B`di^YQi[f8`di^YQi[f8`diiQv`8`diiYki/`diiYkdbWY8`diiYkdbim2I`dimdbiJ0`dkQkiM-C`dk\J^QqvY,`dmWQikY^^M8`doiJmJ`8`oOUQk`/`oUUQbLoiULJ1o`oUUQbLoiULJ8`oYiW,`oYiWQJOMi21`o\W^JQqJJ2n`o^^QiW[`o^^QiW[-D`o^^QisJ8`o^qYWY^^[[8`oifWvU8`oiiJvJL8 `oiiJvM8`okmdbQbi3`vQik`W8bJMW`Jb`s8#bJUJkJsJW8"bJU^Qi^U3KbJbOJ\o`JiJb`8!bJfYQiLJ2`bJiJvJbJbf\:]bJiJvJbJbf\:^bJkbiMMd``YmmQQdbmWQLYd^dUYMJ^QSSQMmkdSYdbYkYbUiJOYJmYdbLQYiq:_bJkbiMMd``YmmQQdbmWQLYd^dUYMJ^QSSQMmkdSYdbYkYbUiJOYJmYdbLQYiqY:`bJmJiJ[Jbbm2bJmYdbJ^MJbMQiiQUYkmivYiQ^JbO-EbJmYdbJ^iQkQJiMWMdobMY^:bbJmYdbJ^iQkQJiMWMdobMY^LQYiq:abMif+bQJivb`1[bQQ^[q-GbQSmiQ8$bQY^O^8%bQ\d^^JQJ23bQ^kdbJ1bQ^kdbML8(bQ^kdbbk8'bQ^kdbk^8&bQkLYmm`b-HbQkmQiQb\dYQ2mbQkmQiQb\dqYL0CbQkmQidqqb/*bQoLQiUQi[k8*bQqdQ8,bQsQ^^[8)bQs`Jbbi3 bQudQ8+bYJkJWs/4bYMWd^^km`.EbYQqQk[s8-bY\JYOdd2bY\YmMWQb\db1QbYbd`YvJv8.bYkWYsJ\Yv-IbYkWYxJsJ\80bYkW`oiJ\1'bYkWiYQO81bYsJd8/bdUoMWY\bdbJ\JW83bdisddOO^1;bdkk\QO3bdmmd^Yi82biM:fbiMJbOQM86bifL-FbokkLJo`iW-Jd+8LiYQbS84d+8OdbbQ^^iU.,d+8OdbbQ^^iU89d+8WJUJbOm88dLQiOdikmQiU85dMWY\oLdk87dMdbbdiM` 3NdSmQOJ^f-KdUWYkYv8:dW[k2FdWJUJb[J 3#d\JmQb\dfq3+d\JmQb\dfq8=d\QJbdqJQ3d^QbYM\b^8;d^YqYQiYU-Ld^kQb[W.9d^kQb\L8dsQik`[0^dvQOQfdM8@dxQidqJYL3PfJMYSYU`8AfJO`JbJLWJbqm8BfJ`fSQik8CfJbmUk8DfJfYbQJoO-NfJffJkJ1+fJfsdimWO0@fJhoQmS+"fJi\[S8EfJi\Qi^-O^I?6< S `T@`U@ CatalogFlatwareLas Palmas Flatwareflatware_laspalmas_spoons.jpgI@7O}}}^I?6< U `T@`U@ CatalogFlatwareLas Palmas Flatwareflatware_laspalmas_knife_fork.jpg^I?6< U `T@`U@ CatalogDishwareGlass Salt & Pepperserving_items_salt-pepper_tallglass.jpgSalt & Pepper Tall Glass^I?6?< U `T@`U@ CatalogDishware - 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'  #                                  d`}Tea}Ufc}Vg<}Whe}Xie}Yje}Zke}[le}\m}]nf}^oS}_p}arj}btp}cuo}dvo}ew}fxa.x/x-y0z1}}g~}h}i}j}k}l}m"U#}o}q}sD}t}v}wy456}x7}y}z}{}|}}}~x}}8};9::}}}}}}}}}}A}}}}}}}}5k4]32}}I}I}}}}}}}}} <}}}}}}}}+})}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}N=Q}}}}.}}}}}}}}}} } }}}z}z}z};}}O}!}#}%}}(}(}*})}2}}}}}}}>}j}j}j}j}k}k}l}j l} l} i} } >}N}I}O}m}P}P}P}P}R}TTYYU,,[ _ !` "g #h $$u %{&'()*++_+`+b+Va+c,..[//[01-H1{G2Q5R6S6T7U7V7X7VW8Y8[8Z8]8V\8^9Zd;Ze<Zf=Zg>Zh?ZiAkAlBmCnDoDpEqFrGsGUtIuJvKwLxM[yMzN{O}OU|PPU~QQURU (0 Y @ $ j K ( b :  transcriptrcarskadon@torasemes.netvhZNNNNB66*?!{8#-qPo@ edu @@Division HeadCompetitive@@w@+214-696-3692214-369-4979nelda@educationgroup.comthe Education GroupCheckComprehensivecover letter, rsum, your philosophy of education statement, and references (with e-mail addresses) by November 14, 2003nelda@educationgroup.com`FFxj^^^^RF9*?!r8Rt@n@ @@Head of SchoolCommensurate w/exp; comp w/n NAIS range@i|x5/V@z+501-604-1915bev@pulaskiacademy.orgBev ThornburgCheckCandidates should send a cover letter, resume, statement of educational philosophy, and list of at least three professional references.LLL{{{{oc:*?!8*$o j@ Dir @@Head of SchoolWill discuss range with declared candidates.@ GT@1802.765.9612802.765.9628mbonz@edu-directions.comAlready PaidCompensation package is competitive with Miami area independent schools and NAIS norms for the Southeast. Resume, cover letter, personal statement, three written letters of recommendations, five additional reference names, addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses.mbonz@edu-directions.com=th:*?!5!oiO@`u@@u@Head of SchoolZ@+y@n=Checkgggggggggg````^RRRRF::*q!5"j)O@`u@@u@Head of SchoolFor July 2003.w@5nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnbbbbV::*!5"KN@`u@@u@Head of SchoolX@%X@<=818-700-1150nnnnnnnnnnnnn`^RRRRF::*!5":b߱KN@^@b@Head of School.@:|O@B~@613 9813 3825613 9882 9473 }}}}}}}}}}}}}m^RRRRF::*!5"iYKN@`u@@u@Head of SchoolP@;|@+44 1730 268244+44 1730 267914 o^RRRRF::*m!5"$[/N@`u@@u@Head of School July 20*J Nihon Univ Sch Dent! *Epidemiology *Hosp Pract *Nouv Presse Med *J Occup Med *Ann NY Acad Sci *Wetherby, Dept Health! *Occupational Med *Leukemia Res *Cancer Immunol Immunother% *BJ Ind Med *NY State J Med *Nursing Times *Nursing Mirror and Midwives J) *BJ Radiol *cancer *Ann Rep Br Emp Cancer Camp& *Medicine and War *Am Ind Hyg Assoc J *Experientia *Green Audit Aberystwyth: Occasional Paper 2001/8 = *United States Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Radiation and Indoor Air. Washington DC, p *Environ Mol Mutagen *World Health Organisation Geneva, *USNRC Washington DC *National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Bethesda, MD 20814 US\ *United States Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Radiation and Indoor Air. Washington DCn (~qdWJ=0# zm`SF9, v i \ O B 5 (     r e X K > 1 $  { n a T G : -   w j ] P C 6 )    s f Y L ? 2 %  |obUH;.!xk^QD7*tgZM@3& }pcVI</"yl_RE8+uh[NA434~04/04/2003~03:05 PM~http://search.msn.com/results.aspx?srch=104&FORM=AS4&q=custom+auto+paint+jobs35~66.196.72.109~04/04/2003~02:53 PM~n0tAuth0riZZed35~66.196.72.74~04/04/2003~02:49 PM~n0tAuth0riZZed35~24.213.5.22~04/04/2003~02:48 PM~http://search.msn.com/results.aspx?q=custom+paint+jobs@VVp3@@V@@@UU~U~}}U||U{{4zUzyyUxUxww4wUvutUtsUsss]qpoUooo]nUnmlllUl]kUk]kkj]jUjji\iUiihhUggUXUXfUfeUedddUcccUbb4baUaa``U_^U^]U]\\\UZZZ YYUXWWUVVUUUUTSSURRUQQUPPUOOUNMM[LKJIGUGFEDDCBAA?Z>Z=Z<Z;Z9Z+++V++888V88877V776652{c{zcz1-1{y-i2\OZUHSFFi??ACA>>==D=ak]zyxxax]W*W!W>GGGGs5p{e0\T[>//[..[,+*)('&%{$$u#h"g!` _[,,UYYTT_ϱnYY<%ΧΧΧΧΧΧΧΆΆdKKKK, Ͷ ͶͶ͞ ͊͞ d dddG & ̩ ̍ p T 1   ˾ ˾ˠ ˠˠˠˠˠˠˠˠˠˈ ˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈˈi M *   ʈʈt \ \D DDDDD/    ~ f fR R> >* * ȬȉȉjQ=========#DžpWWWC ƼƧƧƒvRRRRR1ŔkkkHong Kong, ImmigrationHong Kong Press Says that Changes to Residency Requirement will Affect Thousands[@hF. y@FChina, Bilateral RelationsCCPIT Chairman Says China Needs Canada's Expertise in Infrastructurek@hJ. xix-ray ichiix-ray hx-ray hx-ray hx-ray ghx-ray ghx-ray gleukahx-ray gleukahx-ray hx-ray hx-ray hx-ray gleukaemhx-ray hx-ray hx-ray gleuhx-ray ghx-ray Xhx-ray Xhx-ray Xcancerhx-ray Xcancerfcancerenon-cancer effectecancerebone marrowebomb falloutdnuclear workersdinternal radiationcradiation risk factorcdose responseccancerbcanceraleukaemiaacancer`cancer_radioactive fallout_radioactive exposure^bones ]fetal dose]cancer\radiation risk factor\radiation exposure\radiation doses\cancer riskZinternal radiationZcancer riskYx-ray Yfetal doseYchildhood cancerXlow dose irradiationXcancerWnuclear plantUcancerSlow dose irradiationRcancerQx-ray Px-ray Ox-ray NleukaemiaMx-ray Labsorbed doseKcancerJcancerIcancerGcancerFcancerEleukaemiaDcancerAleukaemialeukaemia?x-ray >absorbed dose=x-ray <x-ray ;ionizing radiation9ionizing radiation3absorbed dose+radioactive exposure+nuclear plant+childhood cancer8Strontium6nuclear fallout4absorbed dose2canceryleukaemia\cancerZcancerUchildhood malignancySdose responseFalpha particle?minisatelliteAleukaemia>cancer=leukaemia|absorbed dosezabsorbed doseyionizing radiationxalpha particle]nuclear weapons testingWx-ray Gleukaemiaradiation geneticscancerpmutation0cancerTx-ray /childhood cancer.Sellafield.childhood leukaemia,radiation exposure*alpha particle)chromosomal(alpha particle'cancer&cancer%mutation$alpha particle#cancer"genetic!plutonium radiumabsorbed doseradionuclideleukaemiaLVAL r zVancouver has long been recognized as Canada s  Gateway to the Pacific. This is more than a simple statement of the city s position as a natural portal to the Pacific Ocean and Asia beyond. There are many links between Vancouver and Asia, ranging from the arrival of Chinese immigrants in the nineteenth century to help build the Canadian Pacific Railway; through to tPossible effects of Chernobyl fallout on outcome of pregnancy in Finland were evaluated in a nationwide follow-up study. The outcomes were the rate of live births and stillbirths, pregnancy loss, and induced abortions by municipality. Exposure was assessed based on nationwide surveys of radiation dose rate from the Chernobyl fallout, from both external and internal exposures. Using these measurements, we estimated the monthly dose rate for each of the 455 Finnish municipalities. On average, the dose rate from Chernobyl fallout reached 50 1 usv per month in May 1986--a doubling of the natural background radiation. In the most heavily affected area, 4 times the normal background dose rates were recorded. Given the underlying regional differences in live birth, stillbirth, and abortion rates, we used longitudinal analysis comparing changes over time within municipalities. A temporary decline in the live birth rate had already begun before 1986, with no clear relationship to the level of fallout. A statistically significant increase in spontaneous abortions with dose of radiation was observed, No marked changes in induced abortions or stillbirths were observed. The decrease in the live birth rate is probably not a biological effect of radiation, but more likely related to public concerns of the fallout. The effect on spontaneous abortions should be interpreted with caution, because of potential bias or confounding. Further, there is little support in the epidemiologic literature on effects of very low doses of radiation on pregnancy outcome`LVALp}nN  HH/9/;/;/0/.Y Y Y Y  Y Y Y   Y  Y gd Y  gdY  $ Y   Y  gOrderItemIDOrderID ProdIDQtyUnitPriceShippingPriceSellerIDComments PTypeReferralIDCheckedOutTaxUnitWeightgggHTggggHUggggHVggggHWg gggHXgggg HYgYYYYYBecause of the greater sensitivity of commonly used dental films near 40 kv and the inherently greater contrast between bone and other oral tissues that is achieved at lower energies than those conventionally used, a considerable reduction of radiation exposure can be obtained by the use of those quasimonochromatic photons whose energy lies between 30 and 40 kv. The simplest and clinically most efficacious and econimical method of obtaining this quasimonochromatic radiation using fixed-anode tubes involves the use of Ce, 0.008 inch in thickness, as a band-pass filter, with reduction of skin exposure by a third to a half. The considerable dose reduction achieved at an increased exposure time of only 1.2 seconds is significant in view of the fact that both a greater percentage as well as a greater number of people are receiving radiation for oral diagnosis every year. Since the quasimonochromatic rays produced are less energetic than much of the radiation in the unfiltered beam, the radiation doses from scattered radiation to skull, bone marrow, and gonads also are reduced. In addition, the softer photons result in less Compton scattering, reducing the fog and improving the diagnostic quality of the film. Quasimonochromatic radiation may also be used to enhance the contrast wherever iodine contrast medium is needed since iodine absorbs very strongly above its absorption edge near 33 kev, suggesting another use of this technique in the area of oral diagnosis.(                                                                                      !  }  } }}}}}}"#$}} } } } } }}}}}} }!}"}#}$}%}&}'}(})}*}+},} -}!.}"/}#0}$1}%2}&3}'4}(5})6}*7}+8},9}-:}.;}/<}0=}1>}2?}3@}4A}5B}6C}7D}8E}9F}:G%G&G'G(H};I}<J}=K}>L}?M}@N}AO}BP}CQ}DR}ER/R0S}FT}GU}HV}IW)W*W+XXY}JZ}KZ1Z2Z3[}L\}M],^}N_}O`}Pa}Qb}Rc}Sd}Te}Uf}Vg}Wh}Xi}Yj}Zk}[l}\m}]n}^o}_p}ar}bt}cu}dv}ew}fx-x.x/y0z1}}g~}h}i}j}k}l}m"#}o}q}s}t}v}w}x4567}y}z}{}|}}}~}}}89:;}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}2345}}}}}}}}}}}}<}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}=}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}>}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}j } } } } }}}}?}}}}}}@  ! " # $ $%&'()*++_+`+a+b+c,../velopments in Asia during 2001, including a day-by-day listing of important events. See below for the entire publication as a PDF or return to the index page for individual chapter PDF files.The Foundation's annual survey, Canada Asia Review 2002, examines Canada's relationship with Asia and the impact of major developments during 2001. It looks especially at the implications for Canada of North American economic integration and the growing movement toward Asian regional economic integration. The Canada Asia Report Card examines in depth 10 key areas of the Canada-Asia relationship, assigning letter grades to their performance. The report also discusses the key developments in Asia during 2001, including a day-by-day listing of important events. See below for the entire publication as a PDF or return to the index page for individual chapter PDF files.The Foundation's annual survey, Canada Asia Review 2002, examines Canada's relationship with Asia and the impact of major developments during 2001. It looks especially at the implications for Canada of North American economic integration and the growing movement toward Asian regional economic integration. The Canada Asia Report Card examines in depth 10 key areas of the Canada-Asia relationship, assigning letter grades to their performance. The report also discusses the key developments in Asia during 2001, including a day-by-day listing of important events. See below for the entire publication as a PDF or return to the index page for individual chapter PDF files.)BC@@  @@ @@@ @   @  @ @@@  mJ`JUJ\YW1mJ`J\Y\9cmJ`f^YbJi9emJb\Y`JbdqJ`\1SmJbdd\JW9dmJiJkJ\Y`9hmJiJkQb\dd`3^mJsbQ[9gmJv^diO`9fmJv^diUb06mJv^di^k.mJv^dii3mJv^diib0`mQ^SdiOJ1VmQ`f^Qmdbs^0emQffd^3;mQiJkY`Jm.mQiiQ^^[O1kmQixJUWY`.mWJ\iJiL1c8@ @ @ @ @ @   Defying death after DNA damage2000407777-83UIA<6 Health Effects of Internally Deposited Radionuclides: Emphasis on Radium ad Thor Defying death after DNA damage2000407777-83UIA<6 Health Effects of Internally Deposited Radionuclides: Emphasis on Radium ad Thorium. Eds. G. van Kaick, A. Karaoglou, A.M. Kellerer1995313-318 Bone cancer risk estimates199263579-80PD<82 Fetal dosimetry from natural alpha particle emitters1999152S133-6k_WRL oAction of X-rays on mammalian cells1956103653-666[OFA; QEpidemiology of cancer in populations living in contaminated territories of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia after the Chernobyl accident. IN: The Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident. eds. A Karaoglou et al1996909-921  Studies of bystander effects in human fibroblasts using a charged particle microbeam199874793-8}vrl Risk estimates for high LET alpha-irradiation of skeletal tissues: problems with current methods? In: Health Effects of Internally Deposited Radionulcides: Emphasis on Radium ad Thorium. Eds. G. van Kaick, A. Karaoglou, A.M. Kellerer1995423-229 Commentary: Toxicity of Depleted Uranium2001357244-246 aUKF@ Risk Estimates for High LET Alpha Radiation of Skeletal Tissues: Problems with Current Methods? In: Health Effects of Internally-Deposited Radionuclides: Emphasis on Uranium and Thorium1994423-429 Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III. 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The potential  disease phenotypes of radiation-induced genetic damage in humans, perspectives from human molecular biology and radiation genetics199942945-83 Ionizing radiation and genetic risks XI. The doubling dose estimates from the mid- 1950s to present and the conceptual change to the use of human data on spontaneous mutation rates and mouse data on induced mutation rates for doubling dose calculations2000453107-1274( Pulmonary carcinogenesis in the F344 and Wistar rats after inhalation of plutonium dioxide1995144206-214}xr Enter title here2003....( Lifespan studies in rats exposed to 239PuO2. III. 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Kellerer1995135-143 Dose-response relationships for female radium dial workers197876368-383qe\XR Bone sarcoma in humans induced by radium: A threshold response?199732C1-331-C1-338|pa]W 9Not specified19981126-28B6/+% Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part IV: Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality199413798-112~x Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies 1995141259-277{vp zMultiple manifestations of X-ray-induced genomic instability in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells200132118-27y ?The assessment of organ doses from plutonium for an epidemiological study of the Sellafield workforce 200020275-286~ Spatial variation of natural radiation and childhood leukaemia incidence in Great Britain1995142487-2501{wq The contribution of radon exposure to the radiation dose received by red bone marrow198957597{vrl Reappraisal of  perinatal mortality in Cardiff in the light of reviews 2002xlllfo ? S '  Q<>@=E@ Enter titl @Tumor induction in rat liver by fractionated irradiation with neutrons and a foreign body burden (Zirconotrast) in comparison to Thorotrast-induced tumors. In: Risks from Radium and Thorotrast. Eds. D.M. Taylor, C.W. Mays, G.B.Gerber and R.G. Thomas1989125-128,  Not specified2000974790-4795F:/+% The Ra-224 study: Past, presence and future. In: Health Effects of Internally Deposited Radionuclides: Emphasis on Radium and Thorium. Eds. G. van Kaick, A. Karaoglou, A.M. Kellerer1995157-163 Leukaemia incidence in the U.S. dial workers19834465-72aUNJD Tumour development in the rat induced by the blood of irradiated animals19621951317-1318vkf` The Society of Cells: Cancer and control of cell proliferation1999h\\\V The in vivo solubility of plutonium-239 dioxide in the rat lung197733539-551vja]W The Utah leukaemia case control study: dosimetry methodology and results199568460-471sjf` Radiation Protection Dosimetry: A Radical Reappraisal1999_SSSM Risks of leukaemia and other cancers in Seascale from all sources of ionising radiation exposure1995~~~x Placental transfer of the actinides and related heavy metals. In: Age-related factors in Radionulcide Metabolism and Dosimetry. Eds. GB Gerber, H Metivier, H Smith1987303-314 Issues and epidemiological evidence regarding radiation-induced thyroid cancer199213198-111yqlf Studies of the mortality of A bomb survivors: 9. Mortality, 1950 1985: Part 2. Cancer mortality based on the revised doses (DS86)1990121120-141 Incidence of childhood leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the vicinity of nuclear sites in Scotland 1968-93199653823-831 CNot specified1992791311-1318F:/+% Relative contribution of bystander and targeted cell killing to the low- dose region of the radiation dose-response curve2000153508-11 wHigh yields of lethal mutations in somatic mammalian cells that survive ionizing radiation198650167-79|xr Malignant transformatioin of mouse fibroblasts by Uranium Aerosols released from Chernobyl in Frontiers in Radiation Biology. E.Riklis ed1990589-594 CLatent expression of p53 mutations and radiation-induced mammary cancer1995553310-7}qie_ 7Mutation induction in mice19744131-207OC:82 The effect of irradiated plasma on normal human chromosomes and its relevance to the long-lived lymphocyte hypothesis19692295-305 Impact of genomic imprinting on genomic instability and radiation- induced mutation199874705-10}uqk BRadiation Exposures by Nuclear Facilities: evidence for the impact on health1998vjjjd The bystander effect in radiation oncogenesis: I. Transformation in C3H 10T1/2 cells in vitro can be initiated in the unirradiated neighbors of irradiated cells2001155397-401FA3 ) ?   5 p46> A@ @ Enter title here2003....( Plutonium- or americium-induced liver tumors and lesions in beagles. 199161 337-347.~rgc]  Plutonium- or americium-induced liver tumors  Plutonium- or americium-induced liver tumors and lesions in beagles. 199161 337-347.~rgc] Sequential chromosome aberration analysis following radiotherapy - no evidence for enhanced genomic instability200046545-51 The Radiation Effects Controversy197026 (2)5-8 YMG?9 bExtremely complex repeat shuffling during germline mutation at human minisatellite B6.719998879-888wuo The Dangers of Low Level Radiation1987L@@@: CNot specified1993823705-3711F:/+% Commentary on Plutonium Risks199713 (3) 207-208.ZNC;5 Absorption of actinide elements from the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal animals198038173-185~uqk Absorption of actinide elements from the gastrointestinal tract of rats, guinea pigs and dogs198038159-171{u High Energy Gamma Rays in Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Implications for Risk and Wr199569954-6xqmg cThe metabolism of ceramic and non-ceramic forms of uranium dioxide after deposition in the rat lung19877133-139{ The biological solubility in the rat of plutonium present in mixed plutonium sodium aerosols197835229-235~zt Factors affecting the mobility of plutonium 238 dioxide in the rat19783437-47wkd`Z The onset and extent of genomic instability in sporadic colorectal tumor progression19999615121-6vrl Workshop Report: Survey And Evaluation Of Criticism Of Basic Safety Standards For The Protection Of Workers And The Public Against Ionising Radiation1998 Childhood cancer and ethnic group in Britain: a United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) Study199164543-548 A survey of childhood malignancies1958i1495-508XLB@: jLeukemia in Utah and radioactive fallout from the Nevada Test Site1990 (5)585-591{of`Z Indoor residential radon exposure and risk of childhood acute myeloid leukaemia199981900-906zqmg Radium and leukemia: is current dogma valid? 199874486-488dXOKE Health effects models developed from the 1988 UNSCEAR report1988fZZZT AReliability (and uncertainty) of radionuclide dose coefficients200195 (3) 195-197{of]W The risk of leukemia in Seascale from radiation exposure198855471-481ocZVP The Risk of Childhood Leukaemia Near Nuclear Establishments 1988fZZZT ADevelopments in Biokinetic and Dosimetric Models for Radionuclides. Editorial199983 (3)197-198|ske Radiation protection and the internal emitter saga. Lauriston S Taylor lecture in radiation protection and measurements lecture no.141990Bqc ) 4 I _ [bymA@ Enter title here2003....(  The question of radiation causation of cancer in Hanford workers197937(5)617-39yme^X =Unattached Fraction and Measuring Technique and Radon Lung Dose 200051137-151wkb^X Detection and assessment of clusters of disease: an application to nuclear power plant facilities and childhood leukaemia in Sweden1995143-16 Fifty years of plutonium exposure to the Manhattan Project plutonium workers199761181-190wnjd ZMinisatellites, mutability and genome architecture200010899-907i]TPJ The German Thorotrast study: recent results and assessment of risks199915264-71ymfa[ Probabilistic accident consequence uncertainty analysis, uncertainty assessment for internal dosimetry, main report. Nureg/CR-6571, EUR 16773, SAND98-0119 19981 and 2 Fluence-Based and Microdosimetric Event -Based Methods for Radiation Protection in Space. NCRP Report No 1372001 Evaluating the Reliability of Biokinetic and Dosimetric Models and Parameters Used to Assess Individual Doses for Risk Assessment Purposes. NCRP Commentary No. 151998 Survey of childhood cancers196341436-438P@RF=93 Estimating Radiogenic Cancer Risks. Addendum- Uncertainty Analysis. EPA Report 402-R-99-003 1999{{{u Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides. Federal Guidance Report No.13. EPA Report 402-R-99-001 1999500 pages Toxicological Profile for Uranium. Report TP-90-291990\PPPJ Toxicological Profile for Thorium. Report TP-90-251990\PPPJ Toxicological Profile for Radon. Report TP-90-231990ZNNNH Toxicological Profile for Radium. Report TP-90-221990[OOOI Case-control study of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children in Caithness near the Dounreay nuclear installation 1991302687-692 .Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation2000SGGGA Report to the General Assembly 1993I===7 Hereditary Effects of Radiation. UNSCEAR 2001 Report to the General Assembly2001vjjjd UNSCEAR 1994 Report to the General Assembly1994UIIIC UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly2000UIIIC Radiation-induced instability and its relation to radiation carcinogenesis199874747-54tlhb wIntraclonal recovery of division probability in pedigrees of single x- irradiated mammalian cells197017483-6y Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II. Solid tumours, 1958-19871994137S17-S67xojd Not specified20013581935-1940G;0+% AIn Radiological Protection, the Protection Quantities Should Be Expressed in Measurable Physical Quantities2003 94 (3)287-289 AThe Seven Deadly Sins of Dosimetry in Radiation Protection. Editorial 200378 (2)87-90sld^YK W  g  fW7Wc8@Z={Z )Enter title here2003....( ( (Radiation Risk of Low Fluences of Alpha Particles may be Greater Than We Thought20019814410-14415rnh 'Frequency of minisatellite repeat number changes at the MS205 locus in human sperm before and after cancer chemotherapy200036134-145 &9Childhood cancer incidence in relation to distance from the former nuclear testing site in Semipalantinsk, Kazakhstan199459471-475 %A novel single molecule analysis of spontaneous and radiation-induced mutation at a mouse tandem repeat locus2002in press $Targeted cytoplasmic irradiation with alpha particles induces mutations in mammalian cells1999964959-64|xr #A reevaluation of cancer incidence near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant: the collision of evidence and assumptions199710552-57 "DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers1990186531-6535{plf !Mortality through 1990 among white male workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory: considering exposures to plutonium and external ionizing radiation199467577-588 Late effects in ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with 224Ra1999152S8-S11yme`Z First Day Neonatal Mortality since 1935: A Re-examination of the Cross Hypothesis1992304343-6{toi kIARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Some Internally Deposited Radionuclides. World Health Organisation, International Agency for Research on Cancer200178 (2) Selected Radionuclides. Environmental Health Criteria 251983bVVVP 3The assessment of risk of radiation-induced childhood leukaemia in the vicinity of nuclear installations 1989152327-339 CInflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenesis199076655-63yqmg Molecular Changes in the Offspring of Liquidators who emigrated to Israel from the Chernobyl Disaster Area1997105 (S6)1479-1481 Very high mutation rate in offspring of Chernobyl accident liquidators20012661001-1005tid^ Not specifiednot sp984004-4009H<1-% CNot specified1999594095-4099F:/+% bMutation of human short tandem repeats199321123-1128]QFD> In vivo chromosomal instability and transmissible aberrations in the progeny of haemopoietic stem cells induced by high- and low-LET radiations200177409-17 Long-term in vivo transmission of alpha-particle-induced chromosomal instability in murine haemopoietic cells199669175-82 CChromosomal instability in unirradiated cells induced in vivo by a bystander effect of ionizing radiation2000605608-11 Genetic factors influencing alpha-particle-induced chromosomal instability199771497-503ulhb Measurement of Radioactivity in People Living Near The Dounreay Nuclear Establishment, Caithness, Scotland199670 (2)117-130> t 6 7 K D=Y/yuD I" HPrenatal radiation exposure an HPrenatal radiation exposure and childhood cancer19702 (7684)1189-90maXNH GAge-distribution of cancers caused by obstetric x-rays and their relevance to cancer latent periods19702 (7662)4-8 @{ FMeasuring latent periods of juvenile cancers196962 (7)684cWRJD ELeukemia and other neoplasms in childhood following radiation exposure in utero--a general survey of present knowledge196841 (489)718-9 DX-rays and childhood cancer19682 (7572)828-9VJC93 CCancer in children19682 (7572)828-9MA:0* BChildhood cancer in twins196619 (2)157-61SG?71 AAetiology of childhood leukaemia19652 (7416)789-90\PH>8 ?7Dangers and unreliability of mammography: Breast examination is a safe, effective, and practical alternative200131(3)605-615@ >eletter; Comment on: JAMA. 1988 Aug 5;260(5):697-8 ; 3392799 1990263 (5)662wkf]W =Estimates of uranium and nuclear radiation casualties attributable to activities since 194519884 (1)27-36ys <The nuclear worker and ionizing radiation197940 (5)395-401@dXOGA ;The nuclear worker and ionizing radiation197940395-401 @`TKGA :Re: simple estimation of population attributable risk from case-control studies1978108 (1)78-9|vmg 9Extensions of the relative risk concept197531 (1)1-102@_SME? 8^Strontium-90 in newborns and childhood disease200055(4) 240-244@i]SLF 77Strontium-90 in deciduous teeth as a factor in early childhood cancer200030(3)515-39 @~rjc] 67Nuclear fallout, low birthweight, and immune deficiency1994.24(2)311-35,  @sg]VO 57Breast cancer: evidence for a relation to fission products in the diet. Comment in: Int J Health Serv 1993 23(4): 783-804. Discussion 481-8: 7591376 Int J Health Serv199525 (3)475> @ 4Quasimonochromatic radiation for dental radiography197655(1)148-53 @l`XQK 0 Ionizing radiation. in Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. eds D Schottenfeld and JF Fraumeni1996319-54{{u /IPaternal preconceptional irradiation, population mixing and solid tumors in the children of radiation workers (England) 200213183-1890 @ .9Leukaemia and non-hodgkin s lymphoma in children of male sellafield radiation workers200299437-444@zvp -Enter title here2003....( ,Chernobyl Fallout and Outcome of Pregnancy in Finland2001109 (2)4 @h\\SM +^Radiation and Public Health Project. Brooklyn, New York . Infant Death and Childhood Cancer Reductions after Nuclear Plant Closings in the United States. Archives of Environmental Health200257 (1)@ *Induction of a bystander mutagenic effect of alpha particles in mammalian cells2000972099-104{qmg )The DNA damage response: putting checkpoints in perspective2000408433-9qe^YS)AB@  @@@@@@ @   @@    @@ @ @@@idLYbkdb`-[idLYbkdbiJ9idQO^QiqdUQ^kJbUm#9 idQbLJQM\M/&idQkMWsM/idWmMW-\id`JbQ/ id`JbdqkJ3id`bQvMJ9 idbQ3(idbbLJM\M2#iddbQvM/ idkQU3idkQb`,idkQbkmQYb`0Vidkk[J9 idkkYWW1idmL^Jm[.aidsQW0Yids^JbOiQ9 idvJ^Md``YkkYdbdbQbqYidb`QbmJ^fd^^omYdb-]idvJ^kdMYQmv9idv^Qb[9 idxWOQkmqQbk\YY^`3SiobOd[9iokkQ^^[dbQki-^iokkQ^^^L-_iokkQ^^ik1iokkQ^^s^-`iook\JbQb[2ZivJLd\dbb+6ivJ^^[Q3 ivOQiW3ivmd`JJm3,kJLJmYQi^9kJLdq^[QqkJ0lkJMWQqUJ-akJOJ`dmdk9kJOJsJk12kJYOQ-bkJ^YO+kJ^`dbf^9kJ^d`JJk3>kJ^dmmY[:ekJ`Qm[`9kJ`kdb^-ckJ`oQ^k^O/_kJ`oQ^kk[9kJbOQikLk kJbOQikM^9kJb\JiJbJiJvJbJb\-dkJkJ\YS9kJkWYbO:gkJkWYbOkJmd\13kJmdWM9kJmdW`9kJobOQik[9kJqMWQb\dq\.kJqYOUQmM9kJsJbmkU+*kJuQb^2KkMWJSSQif3ikMWQQ[/NkMW^QkkQ^`Jb[.kMW`YOm`9kMW`YOmxYUUQ^W1 kMW`YmxSQoQiWJ\QY#+(kMWdSYQ^OUL+kMWdSYQ^Ofb9kMWiJoLk3jkMWidOQiW3kMWo^^s[/ZkMWo``[s9 kMWomx[9kMWsJL`9kMdLYQUQ9!kMdiiO3AkMdmmLi9"kMdmmMJmd`.0kMdmmO9#kQJi^QJU9%kQOUsYM\O9(kQUY`.kQ^qJbJvJUJ`Mk9&kQ^svbL[/hkQiqd`JJ\2kQm^dsiL.kQmkoOJm.kQv`doiML9'kWJLQkmJiY^9)kWJUYbJbL0kWJUYbJbL9$kWJbbdb\`9-kWJbkWYJkWqY^YmJ/;kWJfYidMk9+kWJfYidk9.kWJif^9*kWMWo\YbJbq9,kWQQWJbf`Q.kWQi`JbU[1kWQisddOi[.kWQqMWQb\dqJ3ekWY^bY\dqJbk3*kWY`Yxov.kW^Qb\QiiJ9/kWdiQiQ.kWomm^QikO1BkWoqJQqJ^f0+kYMY^YJbd`[90kY\dq`i95kY^MdM\kf91kY^\m[3IkY`iL92kY`\d`94, il y a l Inde aux armements nuclaires qui est confronte des craintes justifies de scurit en Asie du Sud, mais qui a le potentiel d tablir un meilleur climat de paix et d amliorer la scurit dans la rgion. Bien que les relations conomiques entre l Inde et le Canada se soient resserres depuis quelque temps, le Canada risque d axer sa politique vers la premire facette de l Inde sans tenir compte de la seconde. Le Canada a tout intrt dvelopper une politique plus cohrente et plus raliste vis--vis l Inde pour mieux tenir compte de la complexit du dveloppement conomique et politique du pays. Si cette politique chouait, elle pourrait compromettre les relations entre les deux pays une tape cruciale de transformation de l Inde. There is a growing dichotomy in the way the world sees India after ten years of rapid political, economic and social change. On the one hand, there is the India of increasing political stability and potential for economic growth which is quickly integrating into the global economy; on the other, a nuclear-armed India with genuine security concerns in South Asia, yet having the potential to bring about greater peace and security in the region. Although Indo-Canadian economic relations have strengthened in recent times, Canada is currently running the risk of shaping its policy around the first India at the expense of the second. It would be in Canada s interest to develop a more coherent, and consistent, policy toward India, which would better reflect the country s complex political and economic developments. Failure to do so might adversely affect the relations between the two countries at an important period in India s transformation.LVALP 9 ! y U <"T.sN%R9#iP@ Philippines - Teacher's GuideAPFC@+ profiles/2000/phl_gd.pdf@) }qqqqWWKE& r@ New Zealand - Teacher's GuideAPFC@+ profiles/2000/nzl_gd.pdf@) }qqqqWWKE& r@ Mexico - Teacher's GuideOur objective was to investigate if there was (i) an excess risk of leukaemialnon-Hodgkin s lymphoma among children of male radiation workers at the Sellafield nuclear installation in Cumbria, northwest England; (ii) a dose-response relationship between fathers preconceptional irradiation and their children s risk of leukaemialnon-Hodgkin s lymphoma; and (iii) whether any observed association could be explained by demographic factors. We performed a cohort study of live births, 1950 1991 in Cumbria, followed up to age 25 years or the end of 1991, comparing the risk of leukaemiai non-Hodgkin s lymphoma among all 9,859 children of male radiation workers to that among all 256,851 children of nonsellafield fathers. Children of radiation workers had a higher risk of leukaemialnon-Hodgkin s lymphoma than other children [rate ratio (RR)= 1.9, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.0 3.1, p= 0.05]. Adjustment for population mixing greatly reduced the excess risk in the village of Seascale, adjacent to Sellafield, but had little effect elsewhere. The risk increased significantly with father s total preconceptional external radiation dose RR(ioomsv) = 1.6, 95% Cl 1.0 2.2, p=0.05). This dose-response was not reduced by adjustment for population mixing. Although our 13 exposed cases included 10 considered previously (Gardner et al., BMJ 1 990;300:423 34), we used a cohort rather than a case-control design, with wider temporal and geographic boundaries, and confirmed the statistical association between father s preconceptional irradiation and child s risk of leukaemia -non-Hodgkin s lymphoma that they reported. The possibility remains that paternal preconceptional irradiation may be a risk factor for leukaemialnon-Hodgkin s lymphoma, and this effect may not be confined to Seascale.LVALLV Q  6rWiLangley British Columbia-based E<@Impact ReportsAPF Canada@@ 7@/ ZNNNNNNB6& _`t@Asian OutlookAPF Canada8@@ @= YMMMMMMA5& _`q@Asia Pacific BulletinAPF Canada@? @= aUUUUUUI=&  :@Numro 23 - Ouvrir la porte au tourisme chinoisAPF Canada@? http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/cacf23.pdfoocW&  9@The Middle Kingdom is Reaching OutThomas S. Axworthy W@  http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/axworthy.pdf@= kk_J&  9@Number 23 - Opening the Door to Chinese TourismAPF Canada@? http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/cac23.pdf@= oocW& 5@Japan Tries to Reverse Sunset Dr. John WiebeU@  http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/japan.pdf@= bbVF&  4@China-Canada Immigration Workshop 2001APFCp@> Objective: To investigate whether there was an increased incidence of solid tumors among offspring of male radiation workers at the Sellafield nuclear installation in Cumbria, northwest England and whether paternal preconceptional irradiation was associated with the risk of solid tumors. Methods: Acohort study of 266,710 live births in Cumbria, 1950 1991, followed up to age 25 years on the end of 1991. Results: Children of radiation workers had a non-significantly increased risk of solid tumors (RR= 1.5, 95% CI: 0.9 2.4, p = 0.09), determined largely by an increased risk of cancers excluding leukemias, lymphomas, brain, spinal and gender-specific tumors (RR 1.9, 95% CI: 1.0 3.3, p = 0.05), which was partly explained by differing patterns of parental migration (adjusted RR = 1.7, 95% CI: 0.8 3.2, p = 0.50). Within children of radiation workers there was no evidence of an increased risk with increasing paternal preconception dose of external radiation (hazard ratio per 100 msv for all solid tumors =0.6, 95% CI: 0.1-1.8 p= 0.52). Conclusions: Any observed excess of solid tumors in children of radiation workers may be partly explained by population mixing. Fathers occupational exposure to radiation before conception was not found to be risk factor for solid tumors in their children R @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @/01G1H2Q5R5X6S6T7U7V7W7X7Y7Z8Y8Z8[8\8]8^9d:V:W;e<f=g>h?i@@@@@AkAlBmBEBFCnCGDoDpEqFrGsGtHHHIHJIuJvKwLxMyMzN{O|O}P~PQQRRSSTUUVVVWWXYYZZZ[P[Q[R\\\]]^^_``aaabbbcccdddeeffgggShhiiiijjjjkkkkllllmnnoooopqssssttuuTuUvwwwxxyyzz{{||}}~~      !$%&'()MNOn experts from Canada, China, and the US. Issues concerned at the Roundtable include globalization and immigration; irregular migrants; settlement and integration; and the brain drain. Dans la plupart des nations asiatiques, les rpercussions des attaques du 11 septembre persisteront sans doute plusieurs annes. Pratiquement toute l'Asie a t chambarde par la rvaluation soudaine des priorits amricaines depuis le 11 septembre, que ce soit de nouveaux arrangements diplomatiques, des contextes politiques domestiques plus complexes ou des rles rgionaux accentus. La volont de l'Occident d'accepter le rgime militaire du Pakistan, la nouvelle intention de coopration entre les .-U. et la Chine, le rle largi du Japon en matire de scurit, la rupture de rconciliation dans la Pninsule corenne, l escalade des pressions sur la prsidente Megawati Sukarnoputri en Indonsie, le schisme divisant de plus en plus les partis islamiques en Malaisie, la coopration accrue entre les pays de l Association des nations de l Asie du Sud-est (l ANASE) et les tensions exacerbes au Cachemire sont tous des contrecoups de la destruction des tours du World Trade Center. Pour cerner les principales rpercussions des vnements du 11 septembre sur l Asie, la Fondation Asie Pacifique du Canada a examin la situation dans les six principaux pays  Chine, Japon, Indonsie, Core du Sud, Inde et Pakistan. Les dossiers complets relatifs chaque pays sont accessibles sur le site Web de la FAP Canada http://www.asiapacific.ca/apbn/impact/. Ce Commentaire prsente un rsum du tLVAL  Y &SectionIDPageNumSecSorter TitleSubtitleSecPhotoSecPhotoPathSecFooter LinkIDCurrent IsNewDateAddedIsDirtyDateLastChangedIsDeletedDateDeleted SyncID z3zyz zfY rGY  +Y /YyYExperimental evidence indicating a linear response and the absence of a threshold for the development of childhood cancer and leukemia at total doses below 1 r is contained in recent studies of prenatal diagnostic X-ray exposure by B. MacMahon and the earlier work of A. Stewart. MacMahon's study consisted of those children born between 1947-54 in New York-New England maternity hospitals who died of cancer by 1959. Among 556 single births where adequate records were found, av cancer mortality was about 40% higher for children X-rayed in utero than those who were not; the rate was also higher for those irradiated during the first 6 mo than the last 3 mo. A 1% increase in mortality for each 17 mr admin to the embryo in the range investigated was found. Normal background radiation (75-150 mr in 9 mo) may trigger 5-10% of all childhood cancer and leukemia. Nuclear explosions totalling 100 megatons may expose the bone marrow to 150-300 mr in 9 mo, which could increase the childhood cancer mortality for children born within the yr after such explosions 2.5-10%. Short-lived isotopes (Sr89, Ba140, I131) which comprise 75% of the activity of such explosions may be responsible for childhood leukemia since the embryonic thyroid accumulates I131 at a conc. 2-10 x that of the normal adult thyroid at the end of the first trimester. VLVALf@? Because of the greater sensitivity of commonly used dental films near 40 kv and the inherently greater contrast between bone and other oral tissues that is achieved at lower energies than those conventionally used, a considerable reduction of radiation exposure can be obtained by the use of those quasimonochromatic photons whose energy lies between 30 and 40 kv. The simplest and clinically most efficacious and econimical method of obtaining this quasimonochromatic radiation using fixed-anode tubes involves the use of Ce, 0.008 inch in thickness, as a band-pass filter, with reduction of skin exposure by a third to a half. The considerable dose reduction achieved at an increased exposure time of only 1.2 seconds is significant in view of the fact that both a greater percentage as well as a greater number of people are receiving radiation for oral diagnosis every year. Since the quasimonochromatic rays produced are less energetic than much of the radiation in the unfiltered beam, the radiation doses from scattered radiation to skull, bone marrow, and gonads also are reduced. In addition, the softer photons result in less Compton scattering, reducing the fog and improving the diagnostic quality of the film. Quasimonochromatic radiation may also be used to enhance the contrast wherever iodine contrast medium is needed since iodine absorbs very strongly above its absorption edge near 33 kev, suggesting another use of this technique in the area of oral diagnosis. LVAL`D(rS9 z a D  h N .  i O 2  m Q 6   ij,k?lCmHn o/JpEJqM(J*K)?B+O@,G-EG.B/E;K  o@  # J  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHI  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLM  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKL  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHI  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKL  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLM  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJK  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJ  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFG  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456A hypothesis of an aging effect of exposure to ionizing radiation in humans is proposed and given precise mathematical expression. It is assumed that the biological changes occurring in humans exposed to ionizing radiation from medical x-rays are comparable to those occurring through natural aging, since both factors increase the relative risk of nonlymphatic leukemia. The assumption focuses on this one aspect of aging only. The hypothesis that aging and ionizing radiation increase the relative risk of nonlymphatic leukemia similarly is tested against data from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey. The data are explained in a statistically acceptable way, giving an estimate of 1 rad skin dose exposure to the trunk as comparable to 1 yr of natural aging. This research raises further questions about the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation and presents a new methodology by which these questions may be researched" LVAL8 : L ,8rF@@!Quebec, Australia, Manufacturing, Radioactive strontium-90 concentrations in baby teeth obtained from Suffolk County, New York, rose steadily during the 1980s. Recent levels of strontium-90 are similar to those reported for babies born in the late 1950s - at the height of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in Nevada. Strontium-90 concentrations increased concomitantly with increases in cancer incidence among Suffolk children under the age of 5 y, a result that mimicked parallel trends observed in the 1950s and early 1960s. Given that effects of strontium-90 on developing cells are most pronounced during the fetal and infant periods, escalating levels should be viewed as a factor in the recent decline in various child health status measures. [References: 36] Strontium-90 concentrations in deciduous (baby) teeth of 515 children born mainly after the end of worldwide atmospheric nuclear bomb tests in 1980 are found to equal the concentrations in children born during atmospheric tests in the late 1950s. Recent Sr-90 concentrations in the New York-New Jersey-Long Island metropolitan area have exceeded the expected downward trend seen in both baby teeth and adult bone after the 1963 ban on atmospheric testing. Sharp rises and declines are also s Radioactive strontium-90 concentrations in baby teeth obtained from Suffolk County, New York, rose steadily during the 1980s. Recent levels of strontium-90 are similar to those reported for babies born in the late 1950s - at the height of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in Nevada. Strontium-90 concentrations increased concomitantly with increases in cancer incidence among Suffolk children under the age of 5 y, a result that mimicked parallel trends observed in the 1950s and early 1960s. Given that effects of strontium-90 on developing cells are most pronounced during the fetal and infant periods, escalating levels should be viewed as a factor in the recent decline in various child health status measures. [References: 36] J )]:l; w P -  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @    $% / 0 1 5 6 7 8 9 : D E F P   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0=>?&'()*+,-.     234-;-<-=:>:?:@DADBDCfGfHfIlJlKlLrMrNrOc1c2c3k4k5k6w7w8w9:;<  !"# 0 PROJECT.;PROJECTwm3  !"#$%&'()*+,-/0120* pHd dldatabase18@ = t  BR8;( J< DAO>BDAO *\G{00025E01-0C  0046}#5.0#0#C:\PROGRAM FILES\COMMON MICROSOFT SH`ARED\w350.DLL#Microsoft 3.5 Object Li`braryHTstdole>fstdoPle]f\c]043[V-]2]WINDOWS\SYSTEM\STDOLE@2.TLB# AutomatiLon/VBIDE> VBIDjECCE157C5.3Program Files\Co0mmonHShared\VBA6E6EXT .O+G Visual Basic for Applic1s Extensibilpity +BmLevin MLLindell BTait GWNoguchi KJohnson ESSkelcher BHasterlik RJBrodsky AChan CLHoyes KPCharles MWCharles MPWilson LMKinnier-Wilson LM((Reissland JAMancuso TFSanders BSBurch PRLedlie EMLashof JCEpstein SSEpstein SSLe vin MLMcDonnell WHuen ASashin DLVALZ X >  V jD Radioactive strontium-90 concentrations in baby teeth obtained from Suffolk County, New York, rose steadily during the 1980s. Recent levels of strontium-90 are similar to those reported for babies born in the late 1950s - at the height of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in Nevada. Strontium-90 concentrations increased concomitantly with increases in cancer incidence among Suffolk children under the age of 5 y, a result that mimicked parallel trends observed in the 1950s and early 1960s. Given that effects of strontium-90 on developing cells are most pronounced during the fetal and infant periods, escalating levels should be viewed as a factor in the recent decline in various child health status measures. [References: 36] An investigation of the mortality rates of young adults born in the postwar period of large-scale atmospheric nuclear testing (1945-1965) in the United States and other western industrial nations reveals an increasingly anomalous rise in mortality from its previous secular decline. Beginning in the late 1970s and particularly since 1983, the deterioration in the health of the 25-44 age group is related to in utero exposure to fission products in the milk and diet, associated with an unprecedented rise in underweight births and neonatal mortality known to be accompanied by loss of immune resistance. The 1945-1965 rise in the percentage of live births below 2500 grams is highly correlated with the amount of strontium-90 in human bone, both peaking in the mid-1960s. In the 1980s, for the baby boom generation (those born between 1945 and 1965), cancer incidence and mortality due to infectious diseases associated with a rising degree of immune deficiency, such as pneumonia, septicemia, and AIDS, increased sharply. This process of increasing immune deficiency appears to have been exacerbated by continuing secondary exposures to accidental reactor releases and by an acceleration of radiation-induced mutation of pathogenic microorganisms increasingly resistant to drugs: LVALR Subsequent to 1987, 8 U.S. nuclear plants located at least 113 km from other reactors ceased operations. Strontium-90 levels in local milk declined sharply after closings, as did deaths among infants who had lived downwind and within 64 km of each plant. These Reductions occurred during the first 2 yr that followed closing of the plants, were sustained for at least 6 yr, and were especially pronounced for birth defects. Trends in infant deaths in proximate areas not downwind, and more than 64 km from the closed plants, were not different from the national patterns. In proximate areas for which data were available, cancer incidence in children younger than 5 yr of age fell significantly after the shutdowns. Changes in health following nuclear reactor closings may help elucidate the relationship between low-dose radiation exposure and disease Subsequent to 1987, 8 U.S. nuclear plants located at least 113 km from other reactors ceased operations. Strontium-90 levels in local milk declined sharply after closings, as did deaths among infants who had lived downwind and within 64 km of each plant. These Reductions occurred during the first 2 yr that followed closing of the plants, were sustained for at least 6 yr, and were especially pronounced for birth defects. Trends in infant deaths in proximate areas not downwind, and more than 64 km from the closed plants, were not different from the national patterns. In proximate areas for which data were available, cancer incidence in children younger than 5 yr of age fell significantly after the shutdowns. Changes in health following nuclear reactor closings may help elucidate the relationship between low-dose radiation exposure and disease PLVAL`\L < ^  6 `  J  x4h$XFx2`Hj/english/oracle/sept2002/english3.cfm/english/oracle/sept2002/english2.cfm/english/oracle/sept2002/english1.cfm/french/oracle/june2001/french8.cfm/french/oracle/sept2002/french8.cfm/french/oracle/sept2002/french6.cfm/french/oracle/sept2002/french5.cfm/french/oracle/sept2002/french4.cfm/french/oracle/sept2002/french3.cfm/french/oracle/sept2002/french7.cfm/french/oracle/sept2002/french2.cfm/french/oracle/sept2002/french1.cfm/french/oracle/sep1999/frpage2.cfm/french/oracle/sep1999/frpage1.cfm/french/oracle/jun2000/french6.cfm/french/oracle/june2001/french2.cfm/french/oracle/sep1998/frpage4.cfm/french/oracle/sep1998/frpage3.cfm/fre Strontium-90 concentrations in deciduous (baby) teeth of 515 children born mainly after the end of worldwide atmospheric nuclear bomb tests in 1980 are found to equal the concentrations in children born during atmospheric tests in the late 1950s. Recent Sr-90 concentrations in the New York-New Jersey-Long Island metropolitan area have exceeded the expected downward trend seen in both baby teeth and adult bone after the 1963 ban on atmospheric testing. Sharp rises and declines are also seen in Miami, Florida. In Suffolk County, Long Island, Sr-90 concentrations in baby teeth were significantly correlated with cancer incidence for children 0 to 4 years of age. A similar correlation of childhood malignancies with the rise and decline of Sr-90 in deciduous teeth occurred during the peak years of fallout in the 1950s and 1960s. Independent support for the relation between nuclear releases and childhood cancer is provided by a significant correlation with total alpha and beta activities in local surface water in Suffolk County. These results strongly support a major role of nuclear reactor releases in the increase of cancer and other immune-system-related disorders in young American children since the early 1980s. pLVALS  X B .r[c.hY  Y  [ [ [ [B [B [ [B [ [B [ [ [B [ [Bu [B [ [B [ [ [B [ [ [Buck Animal HospitalDr. Robert Blackburn36 Erb St EWaterlooONN2J 1L6(519) 886-2280(519) 886-2350CAH{vvvfVMI??2  [Bryson, Dr. Richard AllanDr. Richard Bryson740 York Mills RdAPT 1501Don MillsONM3B 1W8(519) 942-5365EM~zzzzja]RH5!  [Brussels Veterinary ServiceDr. John Hunt61 Dunedin St EGeneral DeliveryBrusselsONN0G 1H0(519) 887-6841(519) 887-6841CAO FPAM|lc_UC2#  [Brown's Animal HospitalDr. Sidney Brown1855 Leslie StDon MillsONM3B 2L9(416) 447-8551The ability of workers to tolerate exposure to ionizing radiation from nuclear fission byproducts and related industries is reviewed. With regard to the immediate effects of worker exposure, there may be a problem of physical adjustment to chronic low doses of radiation that may involve temporary motor and judgment impairment. With respect to chronic damage to health, theory and observation both give the same caution: namely, that radiation-related cancer deaths have been underestimated by the most widely used predictive models. Data from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey show that exposure to permissible levels of medical x-radiation (1 to 620 millirads) has been associated with an increased frequency of nonlymphatic leukemia. The effects of such low doses of radiation appear to be similar to those of aging. All debilitating long-term chronic effects known to be related to radiation exposure are unmonitored in the nuclear industry. Although it has been assumed that control of radiation-induced cancer is the key to control of all other health effects, different health effects of radiation exposure become dominant at different dose levels and rates of exposure, and death may be caused by complicated interaction of factors. Also, different segments of the human population may be more sensitive to radiation, eg, fetuses and infants. The records of radiation workers should document exposures, medical history, reproductive history and data on offspring. These records should be kept in perpetuity, and data should be pooled across industries involving exposures to the same carcinogensLVAL` N 8 @>> @ @ @ @ @       #(-Gas !"#5$%&' ( ) * (q.[@MSIE6209.17.134.59Login209.17.134.59WindowsNTJ?0) (]n.[@MSIE6209.17.134.59Login209.1Of 628 children born between 1952-56 with leukemia or lymphosarcoma, 120 had histories of prenatal irradiation (of whom 7 died before age 1 yr); of the remaining 508 not exposed prenatally, 75 died the first year. However, as the age of death increased, so did the proportion of X-rayed cases: 15/120 at age 1; 25/120 at age 2; 34/120 at age 3; 39/120 at age 4. According to these findings, approx. 60% of all the children who were X-rayed in utero owed their death to this event. The mean age at death of the children with irradiation-induced leukemias was greater than the mean age at death of the other cases. The minimum incub period for irradiation-induced leukemia was 13 moMammography screening is a profit-driven technology posing risks compounded by unreliability. In striking contrast, annual clinical breast examination (CBE) by a trained health professional, together with monthly breast self-examination (BSE), is safe, at least as effective, and low in cost. International programs for training nurses how to perform CBE and teach BSE are critical and overdueResearch on medical X-ray exposure sheds light on the health effects expected for workers exposed to ionizing radiation. Factual information confirming this relationship and also demonstrating the need for reviewing permissible exposure levels for workers is given. Suggestions for more sophisticated health monitoring of workers exposed to hazardous technologies are made, and the question of occupational hazards which threaten the worker's family is raised. LVALзn&Y { 9 t * = i ! I  ǶǶǶqq,,Ƨ 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" D61 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59& 2@:  1SO 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" D61 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" D 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59& 2@:  1SO 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" D61 1/2"L X 37" D x 32 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" D61 1/2"L X 3 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59& 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" D61 1/2"L X 37" D 2@:  1SO 2@: Abstract A comparison was made of the onset-age distributions of 5802 children who died of spontaneous or idiopathic cancers, and of 1045 children whose mothers had been X-irradiated during pregnancy and who later died of cancer. Only children who died before the age of 10 yr were included. Cases were divided into 10 diagnostic groups corresponding to the anatomical positions of the primary tumor. Latent periods for radiogenic cancers varied with the type of cancer and implied continuous growth of the tumors from the time of irradiation. This comparison included 423 'extra' X-irradiated cases, 20 of which were ascribed to cerebral tumors diagnosed within a few weeks of birth after threatening to obstruct labor. For the other 403 cases, which were probably radiation-induced, the latent periods corresponded to the ages at the onset of symptoms. The ratios of spontaneous to radiogenic cases was the same for hematopoietic and solid tumors (16.2:1 and 15.2:1, resp); the range of ratios was no wider for groups containing distinct types of cancer than for groups containing several varieties. This suggests that wholebody irradiation does not tend to increase the incidence of any one type of cancer to the exclusion of others, when irradiation occurs in utero LVAL  5]]}.-}.7}.v}.}/}/}/}/K} /z} /} /} 0} 0}0W}0\}0y}0z}0}}000012131415161: 1; 1_ 1a 1f 1111111111111111 1 1 1 1 22222 2 2 222222 2#2$2% 2' 2/ 20 21 2223242526292;2>2A2B2C2E2F2G2I2J 2K 2L 2M 2N 2P2R2T2U2V2W2X2Y2Z2[2\2]2_2`2b2c2d 2h 2i 2j 2k 2l2m2n2o2q2s2t2u2w2x2z2{2|2~22 2 2 2 2 2222222222222222 2 2 2 2 222222 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2222222222 2 2 2 2 2222222@2@3@3@3@3@3@3@3@3@ 3@ 3!@ 3"@ 3#@ 3$@3'@3(@3)@3*@3+@3,@3-@3.b3/b30b31b32b3:b3;b3=b3>b3?b 3Db 3Eb 3Fb 3Gb 3Hb3Ib3Jb3Lb3Mb3Nb3Qb3Rb3Sb3Tb3Ww3Yw3Zw3[w3^w3`w3aw3bw3fw3mw 3pw 3ww 3yw 3zw 3{w3|w3w3w3w3w3w3w3333333333 3 3 3 3 333333333333333333 3 3 3 3 333333333333333333 3 3 3 3 3344444444 4 4 4 4444 4 4 4 4 444444 4!4#4$4%4&4'4(4)4*4+4,4- 4. 40 41 42 4344454748494;4<4@4A4B4C4D4E4J4K 4L 4N 4O 4Q 4R4S4T4U4V4WA4XA4YA4ZA4[A4\A4]A4cA4dA4eA 4fA 4hA 4iA 4kA 4lA4oA4pA4rA4sA4uA4zA4|4}44444444 4 4 4 4 44444444444444444 4 4 4 4 44444444444444444Data from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers were subjected to the Mantel-Haenszel procedures to recognize independent effects of associated factors in retrospective data. Our results showed that several birth factors, including fetal irradiation, social class, maternal age, and sibship position, exerted separate effects on childhood cancers in general, and reticuloendothelial system neoplasms in particular)?@ @  @@@@ @@     @ @ @ @@  \iQoxQi`7\iYQWoLQii7 \idoMWYbk\vbU7 \mdoMWYbk\vbU2\oLQ^Y\Ji7 \oWbmk-(\oYM\i7\o^^OdiSS`.5\o`JmdiYY7\obxQ7\oiJ`dmdJ7\oiYWJiJ`0\okQY7\okYJ\iJ7\okYMx3<\okdU^oM3G\oko`Yk7^JSo`J[7^JMWJbMQ^Q0 ^JMdoiL3d^JUJiOQS7^JWQY[U`W7^J^^vJL/,^J^^vJQ/-^J`LQimLQ0=^J`LQimLd7^JbMJkWYiQi[3?^JbOMQ/^JbOJoQ-)^JbOkM01^JbUk/k^JbUUJkkbQi[32^JbU`Ji\S3-^Jf^JbMWQJ7^JffiQ-*^JiY`diQkJ3 ^JikQb^U7^JikQbfi-+^JkWdS[M^JmdoiL,^JoWJ^J\Q7^JobdvU2j^JoiYQiO7^JqiQbmQq^2!^JsU7^JsiQbMQ[bf7 ^JskdbU0^QUoQbL7)^QqYb`^^QJOQ-,^QJMW^7!^QL^dbOMf/2^QMWbQi[S7$^QMWfJ``Qik3L^QO^YQQ`^QQbWdomkWf7"^QSQqiQkW7'^QUUQmmis7#^QUUQmmis7(^QWbQimLQ7%^QWbQimLQ7*^QbUJoQiM7&^QdbOJ--^QqYb`^^QqvJ7+^QsYkUb[/b^QsYkY[7-^YMv7,^YMv73^Yb70^YMWmQbkmQYbf-.^YOQ^^L7.^YQLQi`JbO7/^YQLQi`JbWL1K^Y\WmJiQqYJ+,^Y`d^YM^3 ^YbOLQiU`Q71^YbOLQiUik72^YbOQ^^L^YbOUiQbU/0^YbOWd^`M3^YbOdff[,^YbOkJv[f2 ^YbQm`k74^Ybk^QvUk/"^YbxbQio75^Ykmi[/O^Ymm^Q[L1W^Ymm^Q\-/^Ymm^Q`f/)^Ymm^QSYQ^O^U76^YqJ\\[78^YqQk^QvO1^YqkWYmk^J77^^dvOOM79^^dvOS7:^^dvOiO+&^dOYkWi/%^dQL^J7;^dUJMWQqqJ7<^d`Jkf7=^dbUkM3^ddk`[1%^diOLY-0^diY`diQkJ7@^domYm[S7>^dosQbS7?^dqQ^QkkLs7A^oLYb[W7B^oMJkWS7E^oMJkWf1^oM\QvmO7C^o\vJbdqJQ`7G^obOQ^^U/G^obOUiQbO^7D^obYbU\U4^obYbU\U-#^omxLdbQbUQ^k7F^omxQi`J1"^oxJ7H^vJUYbk\JJ`0 ^vbMWMS7I^vbUS`7Jyz{|}~      !"#$ % & ' ( )*+f+g+h,../ 0"1g2H3i4K5j6N7S8Y9k:m:LVALLL Qg<TITLE>The Pan Pacific Hotel - archi<H1 CLASS=MCMP>Vancouver School Board</H1> <p>Vancouver, BC</p> <p>The Vancouver School Board building design is based on openness and accessibility to the public, as a place of learning as well as an administrative headquarters. The public atrium or "rotunda" forms the heart of the complex around which all mData from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers were subjected to the Mantel-Haenszel procedures to recognize independent effects of associated factors in retrospective data. Our results showed that several birth factors, including fetal irradiation, social class, maternal age, and sibship position, exerted separate effects on childhood cancers in general, and reticuloendothelial system neoplasms in particularThis paper reviews data relating to obstetric radiography from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers, i.e. for deaths in Britain from 1953 to 1967. Some 8513 cases were traced and used in the analyses, together with an equal number of matched controls. The relative risk estimate (1-47 overall) does not vary significantly between different tumour groups, for different ages at death, nor between sexes. Other epidemiological factors-sibship position, maternal age, social class, region of residence and maternal morbidity-are analysed and show varying degrees of association, but not sufficient to "explain" the observed risk in terms of a selection effect. The dependence of the risk on the number of films exposed is highly significant and adequately described by a linear relationship. The timing of and reason for the exposure are also examined. Analysis of the risk by year of birth shows a pattern of steadily declining risk for both solid and haematopoietic tumours; this may be partly attributable to lower radiation doses per film exposed but is also due to the smaller numbers of films used. A consequence may well be that the risk-always of small clinical significance-would become virtually undetectable in future investigations LVAL N                                                                                                 % & 0 3 89=?AKN^iu{| !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ          !!""##$$%)&+'.(/)1*2+3,7-8.:/>0B1C2D3N4O5Q6S7V8W9Y:Z;\<]=b>e?h@iAjBnCoDqEtFuGxHzI}J~KLMNOP      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDE F G HIJKLMNOPQ R!#$%&-./01 2 3 4 5 6789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGH I!J"K#L$M%N&O'P(Q)R*S+T,U-V.W/X0Y1Z2[3\4]5^6_7`8a9b:c;d<e=f>g?h@iAjBkClDmEnFoGpHqIrJsKtLuMvNwOxPyQzR{S|T}U~VWXYZ[\]^_`ab      Data of 10,556 case-control pairs from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers and related sources have shown that when cancers originate in the reticuloendothelial system (RES neoplasms) they are liable to cause loss of immunological competence before they are clinically recognizable. Since these early effects may have lethal consequences, the true prevalence of RES neoplasms is difficult to identify, especially in infection-sensitive age groups and populations with high death rates from infection. An inevitable consequence of a nuclear holocaust is a high infection death rate. Therefore, a population of A-bomb survivors is a totally unsuitable one for studying the precise nature of the association between ionizing radiation and human cancers.LVALR˪jZ@@A?@D ?@(@?$ @ @?@ @D@@@?G@OP  ?A modified Mantel-Haenszel analysis of data from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers has shown that cases associated with foetal irradiation (X-rayed cases) acounted for a higher proportion of deaths between 5 and 10 years than of earlier or later deaths. This finding is compatible with somewhat later origins for the cancers actually caused by the radiation exposures (radiogenic cases) than for other (idiopathic) cases which proved fatal before 10 years of age. Therefore the usual time for incurring congenital anomalies (or the first trimester of foetal life) could be the commonest time for initiating childhood cancers. The theoretical implications of this and other findings of the Oxford Survey are discussed within the framework of a theory which assumes that all mutant cells have cancer potentialities and that defects in the immune surveillance mechanism favour multiplication of these cells (or endogenous sources of self-replicating foreign proteins) as well as live pathogens (or exogenous sources of self-replicating foreign proteins)LVALkkϼμμμμμμμμμμμμθN Zԋ"#:bӅփ!!3!uA1@1@!7pSZ e@`u@q@Development Positions?!c8]$Nm@ res`u@@u@AdmissionsDepends on experience and background@X@I206-322-7978206-860-3876terry.walburn@bush.eduRobin Bentley, Director of Finance and OperationsOn-Line Credit CardCompleted ID= VSNE4!!8$Q/~@sum~@@@Development PositionsH@ D{BN@Z206.322.7978terry.walburn@bush.eduTerry WalburnCheckInterested individuals should send a resume, cover letter and salary requirements. sseYYYYMAA*?!7pSZ e@`u@q@Development Positions?@}+@5=cflores@polytechnic.orgCheckcover letter and resumeggeYYYYMAA*?!2!ot?2-@ -@`8@Division HeadSalary Unlistedd@5=(770) 253-4850thudgins@heritagehawks.orgsamepnbbbbVJ9*?!2m!D9P+@@+@4@Business ManagerSalary Unlisted@pA ii`@214-871-8700214-871-6004tunnell@brighamhill.comBrigham Hill Consultancy, 2909 Cole Avenue, Ste. 220, Dallas, Texas 75204qeeeeYM<*?!2f!Of1 +@+@4@Department HeadSalary Unlisted6@@ ^@=(917) 492-1678samerpddddXL;*?!2T!)@)@4@DevelopmentA Mantel-Haenszel analysis of fetal irradiation subfactors indicated that most of the "extra" X-rayed cases in the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers were radiation induced. First trimester exposures were rare but probably ten times more dangerous than later exposures. Ratios of observed: expected numbers of cancer deaths were lower for children with abnormal X-rays than for other X-rayed children, and lower for recent than remote exposures. The first of these differences was probably due to several antenatal conditions having positive associations with obstetric radiography and several causes of early (noncancer) deaths; the second one was probably due to a progressive lowering of film doses between 1940 and the present time. A rare cause of fetal irradiation (hydramnios), whose associations with congenital defects are well documented, led to the discovery that two faults in the International Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death have contributed to mistaken ideas about the etiology of childhood cancers: Neoplasms were not listed among the official causes of stillbirths, and cystic tumors of the kidneys and lungs of infants were not listed as neoplasms @@uiJv uiJv uiJv uiJv uiJv !uiJv .uiJv 6#-qPo@ edu @@Division HeadCompetitive@@w@+214-696-3692214-369-4979nelda@educationgroup.comthe Education GroupCheckComprehensivecover letter, rsum, your philosophy of education statement, and references (with e-mail addresses) by November 14, 2003nelda@educationgroup.com`FFxj^^^^RF9*?!r8Rt@n@ @@Head of SchoolCommensurate w/exp; comp w/n NAIS range@i|x5/V@z+501-604-1915bev@pulaskiacademy.orgBev ThornburgCheckCandidates should send a cover letter, resume, statement of educational philosophy, and list of at least three professional references.LLL{{{{oc:*?!8*$o j@ Dir @@Head of SchoolWill discuss range with declared candidates.@ GT@1802.765.9612802.765.9628mbonz@edu-directions.comAlready PaidCompensation package is competitive with Miami area independent schools and NAIS norms for the Southeast. Resume, cover letter, personal statement, three written letters of recommendations, five additional reference names, addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses.mbonz@edu-directions.com=th:*?!5!oiO@`u@@u@Head of SchoolZ@+y@n=Checkgggggggggg````^RRRRF::*q!5"j)O@`u@@u@Head of SchoolFor July 2003.w@5nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnbbbbV::*!5"KN@`u@@u@Head of SchoolX@%X@<=818-700-1150nnnnnnnnnnnnn`^RRRRF::*!5":b߱KN@^@b@Head of School.@:|O@B~@613 9813 3825613 9882 9473 }}}}}}}}}}}}}m^RRRRF::*!5"iYKN@`u@@u@Head of SchoolP@;|@+44 1730 268244+44 1730 267914 o^RRRRF::*m!5"$[/N@`u@@u@Head of School July 2003pat@fpkc.comOn-Line Credit Cardpat@fpkc.comwwiii]]]]Q::*!5"5NK@`u@@u@Head of SchoolMs. Bashur is retiring.4@H~@\\212/628-3805 or 631/537-0768212/628-3806 or 631/537-3782JSMcMen@aol.comJSMcMen@aol.comJSMcMen@aol.comwkkkk_::*!~5"f|J@`u@@u@Head of SchoolB@'K v@[\=sdicicco@edu-directions.comsdicicco@edu-directions.com}}}}}}}}}}}``^RRRRF::*-!}5"BJ@`u@@u@Head of SchoolAlready Paidmbonz@edu-directions.comllll^^^^^RRRRF::*!{5")gPdlJ@`J@@u@Head of School1@yc/o Town Hill School=vvvvvvvvvvvvvvtRRRRF::*?!z5! tiJ@`u@W@Division Head_@? Y\@$K617-898-2202617-898-1700John_Warren@Milton.EduJohn_Warren@Milton.EduJohn_Warren@Milton.Eduyk]QQQQE99*mY                                   }}}}}}}};}}O}!}>#}%}}(}(}*})}2}}}}}}}>}j}j}j}j}k}k}j l} l} i} } >}N}I}?O}m}P}P}P}P}R}TT@YYU,,[ _ !` "g #h $$u %{&'()*++_+`+b+Va+c,..[//[01-H1{G2Q5X5R6S6T7Z7U7V7X7VW7Y8Y8[8Z8]8V\8^9Zd:ZW:V;Ze<Zf=Zg>Zh?Zi@@@@V@AkAlBFBmBECnCGDoDpEqFrGsGUtHIHUJHHIuJvKwLxM[yMzN{O}OU|PWWUXYYUZ ZZ\\U\]]U^^U_``UaaUabb4bccUcddUdeeUffUggUhhUiiUi\ijjUj]jkkUk]kllUl]lmnnUooUo]opqssUs]sttUuvww4wUxxUyyUzzU{{4||U}}U~~UUUpV@/Y/I//   D g  LVAL @@@   @ @@@@@@JO`YbOJmJJMMQkkfJUQkOJmJLJkQkSdi`k `dOo^Qk iQ^JmYdbkWYfkiQfdimk kMiYfmk kvkiQ^ mJL^Qk8JOOfWdmdYOkmdfWdmdkqYQsQOMJmfJUQkMJmkQMmYdbkMLd^YbQbkQMmYdbkMOJmJMU^dLJ^UJ^^QivfJUQkUJ^^QivfJUQk+fWdmdkUJ^^QivfWdmdYbSd^dd\ofLidskQi^dd\ofUJ^^QivqYQsmvfQ^dd\of^YbQbA comment on a recent letter (A M Stewart, Lancet, 1978, i, p 1048) is provided by the designer (Sanders) of the Hanford Atomic Plant employee study. The initial allegations made by his successors (Stewart and Kneale) that there were irregularities in the data which permitted his conclusion that there was no evidence so far for harmful effects from low-level irradiation could not be proved by them. All three researchers concurred that the incidence of several types of cancer was higher in the exposed employees. However, the same data indicated that other types of cancer had a significantly lower incidence and lower mean radiation dose. A table from a different analysis is provided, demonstrating lower mortality from cancer among Hanford employees irrespective of exposure time. Those employees with greater than or equal to 2 yr of occupational exposure seemed to have a lower death rate from cancer than those with less than 2 yr exposure. A comparison of the longevity of exposed and non-exposed employees with that of a sibling nearest their age showed no difference in total years lived. The limitations present in the data given in the Hanford report are discussed. The reply to this letter by Stewart suggests that narrower gaps between observed and expected cancer deaths could be attributed to the difficulty in detection of incipient cancers or to small doses of radiation having a cancer effect difficult to detect unless competing causes are reduced to a minimum. It is Stewart's opinion that the latter explanation is the more valid8 ; c  FFǢ/VfSieA cEnter title here2003.... bCancer following nuclear weapons tests19832(8354)856-7`TMD> a bCancer following nuclear weapons tests19832(8354)856-7`TMD> aFoetal infection, childhood leukaemia and cancer198348(6)849-852@j^UNH `Do childhood cancers result from pre-natal x-rays? 198242(3)388-90maYRL _iDelayed effects of A-bomb radiation: a review of recent mortality rates and risk estimates for five-year survivors198236(2)80-64 @ ^Radiation and marrow damage 1982284(6323)1192WKE:4 ]The immune system and cancers of foetal origin198214(2)110-6@fZSLF \Hanford radiation study III: a cohort study of the cancer risks from radiation to workers at Hanford (1944-77 deaths) by the method of regression models in life-tables198138(2)156-668 @ [Childhood cancer and pregnancy drugs19812(8241)314-5^RKB< ZHanford radiation study. [review]198138(2)202-203@[OF?9 Y Pre-conception X-rays and childhood cancers198041(2)222-6@cWPIC XCancer effects of low-level radiation. Theoretic considerations in competing causes of death198080(1)32-35D@zt WComments on "Review of report by Mancuso, Stewart and Kneale of radiation exposure of Hanford workers", by G. B. Hutchison et al.197937(2)252-3 Vletter: Radiation exposures of Hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes 197936(1)87@}yrl UPre-cancers and liability to other diseases197837(3)448-57@dXPIC TSD and PR. The problems of measuring performance197874(16)659-61j^VNH Sletter: Low-dose radiation 19782(8083)262-263. @WKB93 letter: Low-dose radiation19782(8094)840-841$ @VJA82 RAge variation in the cancer risks from foetal irradiation197736(4)501-10>@rf^WQ QMantel-Haenszel analysis of Oxford data. II. Independent effects of fetal irradiation subfactors197657(5)1009-148 @~x PLetter: Antenatal radiography and the ten-day rule19761(7967)1021k_YPJ OMantel-Haenszel analysis of Oxford data. I. Independent effects of several birth factors including fetal irradiation197656 (5)879-83<@ NLetter: Myeloid leukaemia and cot deaths19752 (5968)445-6cWPF@ M Pre-natal irradiation and childhood malignancy: a review of British data from the Oxford Survey197531 (3)271-87 @}w LCot deaths1975141 (24)57-8D82(" KCancer as a cause of abortions and stillbirths: the effect of these early deaths on the recognition of radiogenic leukaemias197327 (6)465-72 JGroup characteristics of children with cerebral and spinal cord tumours197328 (6)568-74ume_ IRadiation cancers and A-bomb survivors19721 (7750)588-9aUND>LVALData of 10,556 case-control pairs from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers and related sources have shown that when cancers originaIt was not claimed, as previously misunderstood, that cancer was a major hazard of the nuclear industry or that the cancer mortality of Hanford (England) nuclear plant workers was significantly raised, but rather that there is prima facie evidence of a relationship between cancer mortality from certain specific cancers and radiation, even at the low doses received by Hanford workers. This conclusion was confirmed by two additional groups of scientists with access to the same data. They have implicated two of the three cancers named as showing a dose-response relationship (pancreatic cancer and multiple myeloma).In 1944-1972 and 1944-1977 studies of cancer deaths among Hanford nuclear plant workers, the low risk estimates found, in the form of doubling doses (in rads) are defended. Questions are raised as to whether some widely held assumptions about the role of radiation in carcinogenesis can be applied to the Hanford data. It was found that all ionizing radiations are not sufficiently similar for similar values of doubling dose to apply, that all members of a population are not equally sensitive to radiation, that sensitivity to radiation varies with age, and that the dose-response relationship in this case would not be linear. Comparison of observed and expected cancer deaths can show if there is a cancer hazard for nuclear industry workers, but the dose levels should be higher than those in the Hanford study (mean cumulative dose was 1.38 rads for cancers, 0.99 for noncancers). However, it is significant that the mean cumulative dose was higher for 22 bone marrow cancers (4.49 rads) than for 42 other reticuloendothelial neoplasms (0.99 rads), even though these two groups accounted for only 3.3% and 6.3% of the fatal cancers (expected proportions, 2.0% and 8.6%) LVALм An analysis of data collected during the course of the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancer has shown that it is possible to recognize different facets of memory bias without systematic checking of individuals' records, and to make use of the biased data. The position of foetal irradiation in the aetiology of childhood cancers has been re-affirmed, but there is no support for the idea that exposure of parental gonads to diagnostic X-rays is conducive to cancer in the next generationStudies of delayed effects of radiation are reviewed. Surveys with negative findings for small-dose effects have usually relied on extrapolations from large-dose effects and ignored two causes of nonrecognition of cancers in these situations: latent period deaths due to noncancer effects of the radiation, and latent period deaths due to the conditions which necessitated the exposures. Surveys with positive findings for low-level radiation suggest that the end results of such doses, delivered at a slow rate, may be very different from the end result of much larger doses delivered at a fast rate and that the diffeStudies of delayed effects of radiation are reviewed. Surveys with negative findings for small-dose effects have usually relied on extrapolations from large-dose effects and ignored two causes of nonrecognition of cancers in these situations: latent period deaths due to noncancer effects of the radiation, and latent period deaths due to the conditions which necessitated the exposures. Surveys with positive findings for low-level radiation suggest that the end results of such doses, delivered at a slow rate, may be very different from the end result of much larger doses delivered at a fast rate and that the difference is related to cell death effects of the radiationLVAL8 8888f              ObjectId AttributeOrderName1Name2 ExpressionFlagilnzjtz ObjectIdAttribute    ۇ O8V#jKIT#F6Shɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKڷzO]CJ'V#jKV#jKV#jKV#o    Tۇ O8V#jKIT#F6Shɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKڷzO]CJ'V#jKV#jKV#jKV#o _ _ۇ O8V#jKIT#F6Shɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKڷzO]CJ'V#jKV#jKV#jKV#o _ ] ]ۇ O8V#jKIT#F6Shɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKV#jKڷzO]CJ'V#jKV#jKV#jKV#o ] Tۇ O8V#jKIT#F6Shɂ(bԺV#jKV#jKEvidence of early loss of immunological competence in cases of neoplasms occurring in juveniles was found in an analysis of OSCC data (Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers). The effects observed included heightened sensitivity to infection from birth onwards for all types of childhood cancer, higher levels of sensitivity for leukaemia than for lymphomas, and higher levels for lymphomas than for other solid tumours. The findings as a whole are consistent with in utero loss of immunological competence, which is an essential promoter of cancers of foetal origin and thus allows the outcome of an in utero cancer induction to be influenced both by maternal levels of immunological competence and postnatal infectionDarby and Reissland question the use by Kneale, Mancuso, and Stewart (Br J Ind Med 38(2); 156-166, 1981) of internal radiation monitoring as a controlling factor in their reanalysis of cancer risk among Hanford radiation workers. In a reply, Stewart defends the use of this factor but emphasizes that the results of the study were not critically dependent on itAn analysis of data collected during the course of the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancer has shown that it is possible to recognize different facets of memory bias without systematic checking of individuals' records, and to make use of the biased data. The position of foetal irradiation in the aetiology of childhood cancers has been re-affirmed, but there is no support for the idea that exposure of parental gonads to diagnostic X-rays is conducive to cancer in the next generationLVAL`D(rS9 Evidence of early loss of immunological competence in cases of neoplasms occurring in juveniles was found in an analysis of OSCC data (Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers). The effects observed included heightened sensitivity to infection from birth onwards for all types of childhood cancer, higher levels of sensitivity for leukaemia than for lymphomas, and higher levels for lymphomas than for other solid tumours. The findings as a whole are consistent with in utero loss of immunological competence, which is an essential promoter of cancers of foetal origin and thus allows the outcome of an in utero cancer induction to be influenced both by maternal levels of immunological competence and postnatal infectionThis paper reports on results from the study initiated by Mancuso into the health risks from low-level radiation in workers engaged in plutonium manufacture at Hanford Works, Washington State, USA, and attempts to answer criticisms of previous reports by an in-depth study. Previous reports have aroused much controversy because the reported risk per unit radiation dose for cancers of radiosensitive tissues was much greater than the risk generally accepted on the basis of other studies and widely used in setting safety levels for exposure to low-level radiation. The method of regression models in life-tables isolates the effect of radiation after statistically controlling for a wide range of possible interfering factors. Like the risk of lung cancer for uranium miners the dose-response relation showed a significant downward curve at about 10 rem. There may, therefore, be better agreement with other studies, conduct at higher doses, than is widely assumed. The findings on cancer latency (of about 25 years) and the effect of exposure age (increasing age increases the risk) are in general agreement with other studies. An unexplained finding is a significantly higher dose for all workers who developed cancers in tissues that are supposed to have low sensitivity to cancer induction by radiationLVALR˪jZ@@A?@D ?@(@?$ @ @?@ @D@@@?G@OP  ?A review of published data relating to A-bomb survivors has led to the conclusion that since they were based on the mortality experiences of five year survivors estimates of radiation effects should have been controlled for two opposing forces-namely, selective survival of exceptionally fit individuals during the period of heavy acute mortality and residual disabilities. Both effects were dose-related and beyond question, and the disabilities probably included the effects of incomplete repair of bone marrow damage. Therefore, in addition to differences between high and low dose being largely obliterated, there was probably distortion of cancer effects. The two opposing forces are clearly the reason why the change from the high mortality rates of 1945-6 to the low rates of the 1950s was not accompanied by a change from a position to a negative association with dose, and imperviousness to the residual disabilities is probably the reason why sudden deaths of previously healthy individuals (exemplified by suicides) were an exception to this rule. Finally, impairment of bone marrow function probably accounts for the early epidemic of myeloid leukaemia; the apparent absence of other cancers at this time, and the relatively high dose-related death rates for blood diseases other than leukaemia4LVALJJ @ @ @ @ @ @ @The results of our extended search are negative. There is no consistent evidence from the family compositions of leukaemia and cancer cases and their controls, that any analogue of the congenital rubella process contributes to the aetiology of these diseases. Admittedly, there was possible This paper continues the series by Mancuso, Stewart, and Kneale (MSK) on studies of cancer risks for radiation workers at Hanford. It concentrates on the statistical problems posed by the need to estimate and control for job related mortality risks when there are several changes of occupation and no certainty about how different occupations are related to two socioeconomic factors which have strong health associations--namely, education and income. The final conclusion is that for tissues which are sensitive to cancer induced by radiation there is a risk of cancer for Hanford exposures whose dose response is curvilinear with long latency and increasing effect with increasing exposure ageThe results of our extended search are negative. There is no consistent evidence from the family compositions of leukaemia and cancer cases and their controls, that any analogue of the congenital rubella process contributes to the aetiology of these diseases. Admittedly, there was possible room for such an effect in the age-at-onset analysis relating to leukaemia, but the differences were not statistically significant, and there was no corroboration in the analyses according to maternal age-at-delivery, or according to the number of older sibs. We can envisage no mechanism whereby inaccuracies of pair-matching, such as a reflected in the relative distributions of meternal age-at-delivery, could mask such an effect if it were present. We do however repeat the warning that this exclusion refers specifically to one particular form of infectious transmissions. Other forms of transmission, not corresponding with the Congenital Rubella model, would not be detected by this method~ LVAL S  Y Y Y  Y  Y  Y  Y L Y ccolumn grbiticolumnszColumnszObject$szReferencedColumn$szReferencedObjectszRelationshipdhoso to  YYYThough most of the production work at Hanford is done by manual workers, 46% of the most dangerous jobs are performed by people who have professional or technical qualifications. For these privileged workers occupational mortality risks are positively correlated with radiation doses but for manual workers, who have relatively high death rates, there is an inverse relation with dose. The high ratio of professional to manual workers is clearly the reason for the industry having fewer observed than expected deaths and the inverse relation with dose for less privileged workers is probably a sign that there has been selective recruitment of the most highly paid manual workers--that is, skilled craftsmen into the more dangerous occupations. Evidence of this selective recruitment was obtained by equating danger levels with levels of monitoring for internal radiation. Therefore, there should be some control for these levels in any analysis of cancer effects of the measured dose of radiationThis paper continues the series by Mancuso, Stewart, and Kneale (MSK) on studies of cancer risks for radiation workers at Hanford. It concentrates on the statistical problems posed by the need to estimate and control for job related mortality risks when there are several changes of occupation and no certainty about how different occupations are related to two socioeconomic factors which have strong health associations--namely, education and income. The final conclusion is that for tissues which are sensitive to cancer induced by radiation there is a risk of cancer for Hanford exposures whose dose response is curvilinear with long latency and increasing effect with increasing exposure agel@@@@@@ @@@@@  @ @  @ @ @iJOdbiJOdbiJOdbgiQfidMQkkYbUiQfidMQkkYbUiQfidMQkkYbUiQfidMQkkYbUiQfidMQkkYbUiQfidMQkkYbUiYk\iYk\iYk\ iYk\!iYk\"iYk\#iYk\$iYk\%iYk\&iYk\'iYk\(iYk\)iYk\*iYk\+iYk\,iYk\giYk\ŠiYk\iYk\JkkQkk`Qbm.iYk\MJ^Mo^JmYdbŰiYk\QkmY`JmYdb/iYk\QkmY`JmYdb0iYk\QkmY`JmYdb{iYk\QkmY`JmYdbšio2io3kJbO4kQJSddO5kQJkMJ^Q6kQJkMJ^Q7kQJkMJ^Q8kQJkMJ^Q9kQJkMJ^Q:kQJkMJ^Q[kQJsQQO;kQ^^JSYQ^OkQ^^JSYQ^O?kQ^^JSYQ^O@kQ^^JSYQ^OAkQ^^JSYQ^OBkQ^^JSYQ^OCkQ^^JSYQ^ODkQ^^JSYQ^OEkQ^^JSYQ^OkWQ^^SYkWFkY^mGkYikmJbOJiOYxQOYbMYOQbMQiJmYdHkiH6`kiH6{XkiH6ŅkiH6ŒkmidbmYo`JkmidbmYo`KkmidbmYo`YkmidbmYo`ņmQQmWLmQQmWamQQmWŇmQiJmdUQbYMNmQkmQkOmWvidYOPmWvidYOQmWvidYOgSmWvidYOMJbMQiRmWvidYOMJbMQiSmWvidYOMJbMQiJmiJMWQdLidbMWYJ^^v`fWbdOQTmiYmYo`UmiYmYo`gqmiYmYo`gtmiYmYo`{3miYmYo`{JmiYmYo`o^miJmiJMQOQmQMmYdbVoiJbYo`WoiJbYo`g oiJbYo`goiJbYo`oiJbYo`/oiJbYo`BoiJbYo`hoiJbYo`omQidQufdkoiQXomQidQufdkoiQYsYbOkMJ^QOYkMWJiUQkZsYbOkMJ^QfY^Qk[uiJv \uiJv ]uiJv ^uiJv _uiJv g@uiJv guiJv guiJv {&uiJv {GuiJv {IuiJv {juiJv  uiJv uiJv (uiJv {uiJv uiJv !uiJv .uiJv puiJv quiJv vuiJv uiJv uiJv uiJv ed<br> 1/2 lb. smoked salmon, flaked into small pieces<br> 11/2 tsp. Herbes de Provence<br> 1/3 cup caperberries<br> 1 tsp. ground five-blend peppercorns<br> 1/2 bunch cilantro, chopped<br> <br> <strong>Method:</strong><br> 1. Cook the pasta according to package directions until al dente.<br> 2. Meanwhile, heat 1/4 cup of the oil in a large saut pan. When the oil is hot, add the shallots and green onions and saut for about 3 minutes or until softened. Take care not to let the onions brown. When the pasta is cooked, drain well and toss it into the pan with the onions.<br> 3. Add the remaining oil, salmon, Herbs de Provence, most of the caperberries and pepper mixture. Toss well to distribute the <br> Ingredients evenly.<br> 4. Transfer to a serving platter and garnish with t3P1110! 3PReferenceKeywordLinks777 'P P #"LVAL66                           Though most of the production work at Hanford is done by manual workers, 46% of the most dangerous jobs are performed by people who have professional or technical qualifications. For these privileged workers occupational mortality risks are positively correlated with radiation doses buA slight rearrangement of the data included in a recent report from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) has shown differences between cardiovascular and other non-malignant diseases of A-bomb survivors which probably result from two factors: selection effects of early infection deaths and residual effects of marrow damage. Both effects were dose related but neither was obvious becasue one reduced the risk of later infection deaths and the other increased the risk. Allowance for these factors is bound to alter present RERF estimates for cancer effects of radiation and the change will probably be in an upward direction, thus bringing these estimates closer to ones based on radiation workers.Though most of the production work at Hanford is done by manual workers, 46% of the most dangerous jobs are performed by people who have professional or technical qualifications. For these privileged workers occupational mortality risks are positively correlated with radiation doses but for manual workers, who have relatively high death rates, there is an inverse relation with dose. The high ratio of professional to manual workers is clearly the reason for the industry having fewer observed than expected deaths and the inverse relation with dose for less privileged workers is probably a sign that there has been selective recruitment of the most highly paid manual workers--that is, skilled craftsmen into the more dangerous occupations. Evidence of this selective recruitment was obtained by equating danger levels with levels of monitoring for internal radiation. Therefore, there should be some control for these levels in any analysis of cancer effects of the measured dose of radiation` LVALr r @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @    &' ( ) * G H I J               !"#$%&'()*+,-./012<=>E A study based upon an unusually large series of childhood cancers and matched controls found a significant deficit of case/control pairs in which the cancer case had fewer immunizations against infectious diseases than the matched control. All types of immunizations and cancers were affected but the case/control differences were more pronounced for older cases with late immunizations than for younger cases with early immunizations, and more pronounced for solid tumours than leukaemia. Therefore there may be immune system responses to immunizations (or simulated infections) which make it difficult for small clones of cancer cells to enlarge and are more successful in preventing localised tumours in adolescents than childhood leukaemiasA slight rearrangement of the data included in a recent report from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) has shown differences between cardiovascular and other non-malignant diseases of A-bomb survivors which probably result from two factors: selection effects of early infection deaths and residual effects of marrow damage. Both effects were dose related but neither was obvious becasue one reduced the risk of later infection deaths and the other increased the risk. Allowance for these factors is bound to alter present RERF estimates for cancer effects of radiation and the change will probably be in an upward direction, thus bringing these estimates closer to ones based on radiation workers.LVALB% g  J - o  R 5wZ= bE(j8://www.BeyV@)86*****************7o n%%%4@(86*****************6)K@'86*****************5://www.theE@&86*****************4th0riZZed'5@%86*****************3www.customT@$86*****************2CommentsT@#86*****************1]@"86*****************0//www.totaK@!86*****************/#PEnteredY@ 86*****************.PAPERNAMEV@86*****************-ID=190% @86*****************,registeri@@86*****************+ ''F@86******************/www.BeyTo establish the possible relation between breast cancer mortality and low doses of radiation due to fission products in the environment, the mortality rates in the nine census regions of the United States for the years 1984-1988 were correlated with the cumulative airborne releases from all the nuclear plants in each region for the period 1970-1987. A high correlation coefficient of 0.91 was obtained for a logarithmic dependence on the total releases, consistent with an indirect action via free-radical oxygen at very low dose rates, in contrast to a direct action on DNA at high dose rates, explaining the wide differences in risk per unit dose obtained in earlier studies. The recent temporal changes of breast cancer rates in the New York metropolitan area including nearby Connecticut, Westchester, and Long Island were examined in relation to the releases from nearby nuclear plants and found to be consistent with a dominant role of short-lived fission products in drinking water and fresh milk. The results support a major role for nuclear plant releases in industrial countries in the recent rises of breast and other forms of cancers not related to smoking, especially among older persons, and strongly support the need to replace nuclear reactors with more benign ways to generate electricity.  LVALзn&Y { 9 t * = i ! I  ǶǶǶqq,,Ƨ 2@:  1SOFA SLEEPERExtends to 59" W x 75 1/2" D61 2@:  Outdoor terrestrial gamma radiation exposure levels (TGR), estimated for each of the 10 km squares of the Great Brittain National Grid, were related to local cancer death rates in childhood. The examination was based upon the prior hypothesis that an association ought to be detectable. This was itself based upon an examination of geographical TGR variations and upon a recently reported recalculation of the dose-response relationship between the risk of childhood cancer and foetal exposure to medical x-rays. The analysis was pressed through several stages in which the effects of sociodemographic and medical confounding factors and their temporal changes were identified and separated. TGR was then shown to exert an independent statistically significant effectEstimates of the relative risk of childhood cancer, following irradiation during fetal life, are reported. They are based upon extended case-control investigations of childhood cancer deaths in England, Wales and Scotland between 1953 and 1979 comprising 14,759 geographically-matched and birth-date-matched case/control pairs. The estimates were calculated using Conditional Logistic Regression (Miettinen-Breslow) techniques. This method of risk-estimation limits the distortions caused by confounding factors or by biased selection of controls. Through analysing a range of reported exposures other than radiation, levels of general reporting and recording biases between cases and controls were also assessed. There was no evidence among cases or controls of any systematic reduction in the frequency of pregnancy x-rays between 1950 and 1979. During this period of time, about 7 per cent of all chilhood cancers, and 8 per cent of those with onset between the ages of 4 and 7 years, were caused by x-ray examinations.. The dose-response relationship was one death per 990 obstetric x-ray examinations; or 2,000 deaths per 104 man-GyϸϸϸϸϸϸϸϸϸϕvbbbbbbbbbbC%ήήήήήΔdB ͉ͥͥͥͥ q Z ZZZZZ7   ̩ j jjP 6   z zzzb K * *** ʂʂʂʂf Q < ' } h M 7  jW9999ǎyXC$y]]]C%ťiiTT?***ģvXC.  ÑsssU@@"" ¥¥„cc@""ovsm1ubomb falloutnuclear workerslow dose irradiationionizing radiationZradiation exposureRdose effect relationship radiation doseslow dose irradiationcancernuclear workerscancernuclear workersnuclear workerscancernuclear workersplutoniumnuclear workersrisk radiation exposurecancercancernuclear workersplutoniumcancernuclear workersradiation exposurenuclear workerscancercancerradiumcancercancernuclear workersnuclear workerscancernuclear workersradiumbone cancernuclear workersnuclear workerscancer riskabsorbed dosenuclear workersXnuclear workerscancernuclear workersnuclear workersnuclear workersrisk calculationcancerradiation exposurecancer radiation exposureabsorbed dosecancerVradiation exposureVnuclear plantVdose response-risk estimation-risk -radiological protection-population transfer model!-NCRP -Nagasaki-low dose rates-internal exposure-Hiroshima-fallout-epidemiology-cancer-bomb fallout-alpha emitterdose coefficient.Sr 90 ICRP international commission on radiation protec9cancercancercancerauger emitter@teeth @Strontium@Sr 90 @nuclear plantdose riskcancer riskatomic bombradiation exposureNagasakiHiroshimaradon leukaemiafetal dose~ionizing radiation~cancer risk}nuclear workerswradiation doses|cancer risk|atomic bomb{fetal dosezfallout radiation doseszatomic bombynuclear workersylow dose irradiationycancerxnuclear workersxLSS - lifespan studyvNagasakivHiroshimavdose responsetNagasakitdose risktcancer risksx-ray cancer riskqcongenital malformationqchildhood leukaemiapabsorbed doseox-ray ocancer risknradiation risk factornnuclear weapons falloutmfetal doselx-ray lradiation doseslchildhood cancerkgamma kchildhood cancerkbackground radiationjcancerix-ray ichildhood cancer LVAL   / 8 @ :w +  H @ :TO| AAI@AIY  Y 9Wd Y Wd Y }Enter title here2003....( |Factors affecting recognition of cancer risks of nuclear workers.Comment in: Occup Environ Med. 1996 Jul;53(7):502-3 ; 8704879, Comment in: Occup Environ Med52(8):515-23, 1995 Aug199754(1)66-7 @ {Retinoblastoma and fetal irradiation. letter1993307(6908)870fZUJD zA-bomb survivors: further evidence of late effects of early deaths199364(5)467-72F@{og`Z yReanalysis of Hanford data: 1944-1986 deaths. Review199323(3)371-89^ @maYRL xAn overview of the Hanford controversy. Review19916(4)641-63|@fZRLF wEvidence of biased recording of radiation doses of Hanford workers. Comment: Am J Ind Med 20(6): 799-803199222(2)281-3, 285; 1415297 vEvaluation of delayed effects of ionizing radiation: an historical perspective199120(6)805-10@{slf uSelection effects in the Japanese bomb survivors 199159(6)1483-1486maVOI tA-bomb radiation and evidence of late effects other than cancer199058(6)729-35@xld]W s?Estimates of foetal exposure to x-rays199010(1)59[OKD> rEnter title here2003....( q Etiology of childhood leukemia: A possible alternative to the Greaves hypothesis199014(11-12)937-939@zoi pSudden infant death syndrome: faulty maturation of haemoglobin and immunoglobulins1990298(6672)521-2{pj o?Trends in obstetric radiography, 1939-8119899(2)93-101@`TLF@ nLate effects of A-bomb radiation: risk problems unrelated to the new dosimetry198854(5)567-9zslf mRecent theories on the cause of cot death1988296(6618)358cWRGA l?Pregnancy X-rays and childhood cancers: effec of exposure age and radiation dose19888(1)3-8$ @ytnh k?Background radiation and childhood cancers19888(1)9-18@`TNHB jTen-day rule. 19872(8572)1404I=7.( iPrenatal irradiation and childhood cancer.19877(4)177-189@cWNHB hPrenatal x rays and cancers: further tests of data from the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers198651(3)369-76|v gImmunizations against infectious diseases and childhood cancers198621(2)129-32@xld]W XRisk factors for radiogenic cancer: a comparison of factors derived from the Hanford survey with those recommended by the ICRP198542(9)647 fJob related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation198542(8)568-9 eKNon-cancer effects of exposure to A-bomb radiation198438(2)108-12@k_WPJ dIdentification of occupational mortality risks for Hanford workers.198441(1)6-8@ymha[ cJob related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation198441(1)9-14p@~LVALN @?Whenever a country has experienced a significant decrease in infant mortality there has always been a concomitant increase in childhood cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). According to Greaves, this increase is the result of a new type of leukemia, which was first seen in Britain between 1920 and 1940. An alternative hypothesis is proposed which assumes that, for childhood cases of ALL, infections are competing causes of death and for juvenile myeloid leukemia (JML) the principal competitor is the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The SIDS association is the result of JML originating in undifferentiated (erythro-myeloid) stem cells and having faulty erythropoiesis as a side effect. With this congenital anomaly as part of the disease process, the low oxygen pressures of deep sleep may be sufficient to cause sudden death from tissue anoxiaDuring this period the number of films needed to complete each examination decreased. The timing of x-rays also changed towards late pregnancy, and there was virtual elimination of all first trimester exposures following the introduction of the '10-day rule' in 1972. After the introduction of ultrasound, x-rays for twins decreased, x-rays for breech presentations remained unchanged and x-rays for foetal maturity increased. Despite repeated demonstrations of the cancer risk, the proportion of exposed infants was higher in 1970-81 (14%) than in 1960-9 (11%) or 1950-9 (12%). There were fewer x-rays in 1976-81 (12%) than in 1970-5 (15%), but it is possible that withdrawal of the '10-day rule' in 1985 will reverse this trendB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!BR]{  69Kbhqy~ &,1;>EX^mt~"&<QUZbku &.2(58X\a,36:C^agkns"-=EKP\`lz-CKS^|=cirz'2Yu'W[al ']b-7;DYbhot#*>Q]n{(DM`}>k(Zv(V\ %^c.Zcpu$.?R^m| a~?j)w)^ dv %/@S_o}b*!   & 0 T    Y      +    ' U   c   ,    d      _      e fghijklXmnZ Takes a Tougher Stand Against Illegal Chinese Migrants.@^B. > @Quebec, South Korea, Manufacturing, Joint VentureAlcan Signs Joint Venture Deal in South Korea@^a. =@Quebec, China, Aerospace, Telecommunications, TradeChina Airlines Purchases Canadian Marconi's Satcom Antenna@^c. <@ Alberta, Australia, Oil and Gas, AcquisitionsNovus Acquires Gulf Canada's Interests@^]. ;@South Korea, Diplomatic RelationsSouth Korea to Join G20@^vvvvvvvvvvvjQ. :@MIndia, Environment, Foreign Aid, Official Development Assistance, ODACII and CIDA Partnership to Focus on Region-Specific Programs{@^u. 9@British Columbia, BC, High-tech, Internet, InvestmentOnline Production Launches Software Services in Asia@^e. 8@Quebec, Philippines, Transportation, Joint VentureFunding Issues Cause Dispute in Philippine LRT ProjectL@\b. 7@0$Ontario, AustraliaAuthorReferenceLinksL775 L.Reference    #tLVAL  P :   s ?+  @2!` U) 5*Cancer risk coefficients for ionizing raIt is widely assumed that after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were no lasting effects of the acute injuries (which included extensive damage to blood forming tissues by the radiation) or the massively high death rate (which was caused by environmental effects of the blast as well as personal injuries). However, close inspection of the dose response curves for non-cancer deaths has shown that this could be a false impression caused by one effect of marrow aplasia being confused with leukemia (defective erythropoiesis) and a second effect being confused with early selection in favor of general fitness (defective immune responses). Possible consequences of such confusion (for cancer risk coefficients) are discussed in relation to what is known about late effects of prenatal x-rays and occupational exposures to radiationCancer risk coefficients for ionizing radiation are currently based on the assumption that, after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there were no late effects of early selection (survival of the fittest) or acute marrow damage. These negative findings were the result of applying a linear model of relative risk to the deaths of 5-y survivors. By applying a linear-quadratic model to these deaths (i.e., a model with more than one degree of freedom), we have obtained evidence of longstanding competition between selection effects of the early deaths and other radiation effects, and also evidence that late effects of radiation include marrow damage as well as cancer. Consequently, the present method of risk estimation--by linear extrapolation of high dose effects--should no longer be used for estimating the cancer effects of occupational exposures or background radiationr LVALЄ 2 R m mmIn 1964, the Atomic Energy Commission agreed to sponsor "a study of the lifetime health and mortality experiences of all employees of AEC contractors." The commission put in charge of this study a physician (Thomas Mancuso) who had recently shown how the U.S. Social Security system could be used to identify the dates and causes of death of all insured workers. As director of the AEC project, Mancuso was at liberty to include any or all the postwar offshoots of the Manhattan Project. His master plan included workers from Oak Ridge, Los Alamos, and Hanford, but it soon became apparent that his attempts to link radiation exposures to subsequent events were proving more successful at Hanford than elsewhere. The authors of this paper, who participated in the study, review the controversy surrounding its eventual publicationIn 1964, the Atomic Energy Commission agreed to sponsor "a study of the lifetime health and mortality experiences of all employees of AEC contractors." The commission put in charge of this study a physician (Thomas Mancuso) who had recently shown how the U.S. Social Security system could be used to identify the dates and causes of death of all insured workers. As director of the AEC project, Mancuso was at liberty to include any or all the postwar offshoots of the Manhattan Project. His master plan included workers from Oak Ridge, Los Alamos, and Hanford, but it soon became apparent that his attempts to link radiation exposures to subsequent events were proving more successful at Hanford than elsewhere. The authors of this paper, who participated in the study, review the controversy surrounding its eventual publicationLVALO m  vrFScA贁q@贁q@ Metal, aluminum foilhttp://www.nsrp.bc.ca/recycling/index.htmlNSRP Recycling Info@ ;YesxLLLLLL@*"' q@' q@ Metal,Metal, aluminum canshttp://www.nsrp.bc.ca/recycling/index.htmlNSRP Recycling Infob@ YesTTTTTTH2Ǿ?"|+q@|+q@ MedicaMedical supplies and equipment@ Yespppppppppjj^^^^^^^^^^^^R2Ǿ?a"lq@lq@li 1CMagaziMagazineshttp://www.nsrp.bc.ca/recycling/index.htmlNSRP Recycling Info@YesuIIIIII=2Ǿ?"v{p@v{p@ Lids fLids from plastic bottles/containershttp://www.nsrp.bc.ca/recycling/index.htmlNSRP Recycling Info6@YesddddddX2Ǿ?"9p@9p@ Large Large appliances@Yesbbbbbbbbb\\PPPPPPPPPPPPD2Ǿ?"p@p@So OrJunk mJunk mailhttp://www.nsrp.bc.ca/recycling/index.htmlNSRP Recycling Info@YesuIIIIII=2Ǿ?QsEp@sEp@ Juice boxes (tetrapaks)http://www.encorpinc.comEncorp.@7Yes}}qqqqqiOOOOOOC*Ǿ?"J3p@J3p@ BACKGROUND: The study cohort of the survivors of the A-bombs in Japan, used as the basis of the internationally accepted estimates of cancer radiation risk, was collected more than 5 years after the bombing and did not include those who died of bomb-related injuries before that date. This paper tests whether the people who survived, in spite of bomb-related injuries, are homogeneous in respect of variation of cancer risk with age with survivors without such injuries. METHODS: Appropriate statistical models are derived and fitted to survivor data by maximum likelihood and the resultant statistics used to test the homogeneity assumption. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between those with no injuries and those with multiple injuries and shown to be largely due to exposures before 10 or after 55 years of age having exceptionally high risks of late effects of radiation for survivors showing early effects, i.e. bomb-related injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Certain accepted dogmas about the biology of radiation risks in humans, such as 'cancer is the only late effect of radiation' and 'leukaemia is uniquely radiogenic amongst cancers', may be significantly in error. These are discussed/l       @@ @@ @ @ @ @@@ @ @ @ @ @`omJmYdb`omJmYdbg9`omJmYdbgr`omJmYdb{`omJmYdb{`omJmYdb{`omJmYdb{`omJmYdb{`omJmYdb{<`omJmYdb{=`omJmYdb{C`omJmYdb{H`omJmYdb{W`omJmYdb{}`omJmYdb4`omJmYdb>`omJmYdb@`omJmYdbA`omJmYdbC`omJmYdbr`omJmYdb`omJmYdb`omJmYdb `omJmYdb#`omJmYdbbJUJkJ\Yr@HHX@Tablesservices3+% ^@^@TablesQuery31+% L(@ap`@TablesQuery21+% ¸W/@¸W/@TablesQuery11+% 9@FX@Tablespagelinks4+% 6*e@QX@Tablesnews/+% 8}@8}@TablesMSysRelationships<+% 8}@/8X@TablesMSysQueries6+% 8}@8}@TablesMSysObjects6+% }@:?X@TablesMSysModules27+% W}@W}@TablesMSysModules6+% 8}@6X@TablesMSysACEs3+% @]KX@Tableslandlordfqs6+% $@]KX@Tableslandlordfas6+% pѰ@@X@Tableshelppages4+% ba@:?X@Tablesfrontpages5+% z3@BWX@Tablesfeedback3+% S@4@Reanalysis of A-bomb survivor data has shown the following: a) in the high-dose (> 1 Gy) subgroups of the life span study cohort of 5-y survivors, there is a significant deficit of individuals who were < 10 y or > 50 y at the time of the bomb; and b) in the cohort on in utero children, there is a significant deficit of individuals who were < 8 wk of fetal age when exposed. This paper discusses how this selection bias has affected the perception of three effects of A-bomb radiation: marrow damage, carcinogenesis, and second-generation effectsReanalysis of A-bomb survivor data has shown the following: a) in the high-dose (> 1 Gy) subgroups of the life span study cohort of 5-y survivors, there is a significant deficit of individuals who were < 10 y or > 50 y at the time of the bomb; and b) in the cohort on in utero children, there is a significant deficit of individuals who were < 8 wk of fetal age when exposed. This paper discusses how this selection bias has affected the perception of three effects of A-bomb radiation: marrow damage, carcinogenesis, and second-generation effects$LVAL4i @a dVB9'j1`c2G(Ar7<Km@OBJECTIVES--To discover whether direct estimates of the risks of cancer for nuclear workers agree with indirect estimates based on survivors of the atomic bomb; whether relations between age at exposure and risk of cancer are the same for workers and survivors, and whether dosimetry standards are sufficiently uniform to allow pooling of data from different nuclear industrial sites. METHOD--Data from five nuclear sites in the United States were included in a cohort analysis that as well as controlling for all the usual factors also allowed for possible effects of three cancer modulating factors (exposure age, cancer latency, and year of exposure). This analysis was first applied to three distinct cohorts, and then to two sets of pooled data. RESULTS--From each study cohort there was evidence of a risk of cancer related to dose, and evidence that the extra radiogenic cancers had the same overall histological manifestations as naturally occurring cancers and were largely the result of exposures after 50 years of age causing deaths after 70 years. There were, however, significant differences between the five sets of risk estimates. CONCLUSIONS--Although the risks of cancer in nuclear workers were appreciably higher than estimates based on the cancer experiences of survivors of the atomic bomb, some uncertainties remained as there were non-uniform standards of dosimetry in the nuclear sites. The differences between nuclear workers and survivors of the atomic bomb were largely the result of relations between age at exposure and risk of cancer being totally different for workers and survivors and, in the occupational data, there were no signs of the special risks of leukaemia found in atomic bomb data and other studies of effects of high dosesNLVAL^"S   ?aqI@@rqv@AMECJodeeBrown YeonaSelfJodeeBrown YeoBurlingtonONCanadajodee.brownyeo@amec.comjodee.brownyeo@amec.coma6xj162b3nfbVKD>:/(" @@̦v@zBrookfield Lepage Johnson ControlsGatanLafrancenaSelfGatanLafranceMasson-AngersQuebecCanadagaetan_lafrance@hotmail.comgaetan_lafrance@hotmail.coma6xj161b3tjb\XNF" L@L@-؂v@XYZ_Demo_CompanyLaurieWatters-SmithnaSelfLaurieWatters-SmithEdmontonABCanadalaurie_watters@envirofuels.comlaurie_watters@envirofuels.coma6xj160b3zvl]UOK<4" ~@~@rqv@UTransAlta Corp. - WorkhealthDarrenMartinnaSelfDarrenMartinCalgaryAlbertaCanadadarren_martin@transalta.comdarren_martin@transalta.coma6xj159b3|sjbZTPH@" ~@~@98v@TransAlta Corp.DarrenMartinnaSelfDarrenMartinCalgaryAlbertaCanadaOBJECTIVES: To discover how the age when a given dose of ionising radiation is received (exposure age) affects the subsequent cancer risk, and whether the types of cancer caused by repeated exposure to small doses during adult life differ from naturally occurring cancers at that age. METHOD: A nested case-control design with all possible controls in a cohort of nuclear workers, and a Mantel-Haenszel test (requiring only one degree of freedom) to discover whether there was any level of exposure age where the null hypothesis of no effects of radiation was rejected. This analysis was followed by inspection of how different types of cancers were related to the cancer risk. RESULTS: For radiation received at least 15 years before a cancer death (to allow for cancer latency) evidence of a dose related risk was found which was largely the result of exposures during the last 10 years of working life (between 55 and 65 years of age). The relative frequency of site specific cancers showed no signs of being different for radiogenic and idiopathic cancers, and there was no evidence of the exceptionally strong association between radiation and leukaemia found in atomic bomb data and other high dose situations. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity to carcinogenic effects of radiation increases progressively with age during adult life and, provided the dose is too small to produce many cell deaths, the ratio of leukaemias to solid tumours is no different for radiogenic and idiopathic cancersZLVAL ng+y=Pr;W!     2  2BACKGROUND: The study cohort of the survivors of the A-bombs in Japan, used as the basis of the internationally accepted estimates of cancer radiation risk, was collected more than 5 years after the bombing and did not include those who died of bomb-related injuries before that date. This paper tests whether the people who survived, in spite of bomb-related injuries, are homogeneous in respect of variation of cancer risk with age with survivors without such injuries. METHODS: AppIt is generally well known that the point estimates of the excess lifetime risk of fatal cancer following low dose/low dose rate exposure to ionising radiation are 5 x -2 per Sv for a general population of all ages, and 4 x 10-2 per Sv for adult workers. It is upon these two risk coefficients that radiation protection is principally founded. Until recently, less attention has been paid to the uncertainties associated with these risk estimates, although it is of some importance to have an appreciation of the degree of accuracy associated with them. In the US, the NCRP has recently addressed this issue through a Scientific Committee chaired by Warren Sinclair, with Andre Bouville and Charles Land as members.Newly released data from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation on the survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bombing allow a reassessment of radiation hazards. It appears that deaths from marrow damage (such as aplastic anaemia) continued after 1950. The Life Span Study cohort appears biased in favour of persons with high immunological competence, the result of infants and the elderly being more likely to die before 1950 than young adults. A study of survivors of in utero exposures suggests that embryos are more sensitive to the lethal effects of radiation than more mature foetuses. Current estimates of cancer risks from radiation may only apply to young adults with high immunological competence; young children and the elderly may be at greater riskLVAL FFor several decades, the United States has been without an ongoing program measuring levels of fission products in the body. Strontium- 90 (Sr-90) concentrations in 2089 deciduous (baby) teeth, mostly from persons living near nuclear power reactors, reveal that average levels rose 48.5% for persons born in the late 1990s compared to those born in the late 1980s.This trend represents the first sustained increase since the early 1960s, before atmospheric weapons tests were banned. The trend was consistent for each of the five states for which at least 130 teeth are available. The highest averages were found in Southeastern Pennsylvania, and the lowest in California (San Francisco and Sacramento), neither of which is near an operating nuclear reactor. In each state studied, the average Sr-90 concentration is highest in counties situated closest to nuclear reactors. It is likely that, 40 years after large-scale atmospheric atomic bomb tests ended, much of the current in-body radioactivity represents nuclear reactor emissions. The only other source of Sr-90 that can explain this steady and dramatic rise in the 1990s is emissions from nuclear power reactors. Because reactors operated a greater percentage of the time, average annual generation of electricity rose 37.5% from 475 000 to 653 000 GW h from 1986-1989 vs.1994 -1997, an increase not markedly different from the 48.5% rise in average Sr-90 levels at birth (US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2001). Determining the extent of the correlation between these two trends requires more precise investigation. Another major finding is that the counties located within 40 miles of each of six nuclear reactors have consistently higher Sr-90 levels than other counties in the same state. These counties were selected to generally correspond with those used by the US National Cancer Institute in a study of cancer near nuclear plants (Jablon et al., 1990). The excess near each nuclear plant ranged, with one exception, from 30.8 to 53.8% higher. More study, assesN LVAL^ IPS  Y   Y sY  Y Y  Y  Y  Y   Y  Y  Y  Y  Y 2Y  Y   Y  Y ConnectDatabaseDateCreateDateUpdate FlagsForeignNameIdLvLvExtraLvModule LvPropName OwnerParentIdRmtInfoLongRmtInfoShortTypeYYIdParentIdName        sing whether locally produced radioactivity entering the body from inhalation and/or locally produced food and water account for these consistent differences, is merited. Findings on doses near reactors should be compared with health data. For example, childhood cancer rates near 14 of 14 eastern US reactors exceed the national rate BLVAL* V  q !; EiD*qS2rY9|@It's now up to Ottawa to forge free trade with Japan Dr. John Wiebe Q@  http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/ftjapan.pdf<@ / ||p^& @Number 20 - A free trade agreement with Japan?APFC@7 http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/cac20.pdf @/ hh\V& @Looking Forward: Alternative Futures in Asia PacificAsia Pacific Foundation of Canadac@6 http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/apsummitseries/lookingforward.pdfhttp://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/graphics/smlfcover.gif\& @Opportunities for Canada in the Japanese RecessionRon RichardsonB@ http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/cbcjapan.pdfJapan, CanadavvjZ&  @Numro 19 - Un trait fiscal entre le Canada et Hong Kong ?Jack M. MintzF@6 http://www.asiapacific.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/cacf19.pdfHong Kong, trait, Canada, ~~rc&  @Number 19 - A Tax T A study based upon an unusually large series of childhood cancers and matched controls found a significant deficit of case/control pairs in which the cancer case had fewer immunizations against infectious diseases than the matched control. All types of immunizations and cancers were affected but the case/control differences were more pronounced for older cases with late immunizations than for younger cases with early immunizations, and more pronounced for solid tumours than leukaemia. Therefore there may be immune system responses to immunizations (or simulated infections) which make it difficult for small clones of cancer cells to enlarge and are more successful in preventing localised tumours in adolescents than childhood leukaemiasIt was not claimed, as previously misunderstood, that cancer was a major hazard of the nuclear industry or that the cancer mortality of Hanford (England) nuclear plant workers was significantly raised, but rather that there is prima facie evidence of a relationship between cancer mortality from certain specific cancers and radiation, even at the low doses received by Hanford workers. This conclusion was confirmed by two additional groups of scientists with access to the same data. They have implicated two of the three cancers named as showing a dose-response relationship (pancreatic cancer and multiple myeloma).LVALʾReferencess Create query in Design viewReferencesCreate data access page in Design view^3XŎ'x  k J  gQ#o./@           Enter title here2003....( BEIR V. Implications for the nuclear workforce1990247(4943)620-2j^WLF A note on radium body content and breast cancer in UK radium luminisers198344(suppl 1)575-7yre_ The low-level radiation link to cancer of the pancreas198038(4)712-4nb[TN <Quantitative bases for developing a unified index of harm. Review198515(3)1-64xlf_Y Some observations on the healthy worker effect198744(5)289-91g[SLF Prostatic cancer and radionuclides. Cancer risk has no effect on mortality1994308(6923)268-9zshb Letter197529(2)353<0+$ Hanford radiation study198138(2)202-3OC<5/ XRe: "Radiation doses and cause-specific mortality among workers at a nuclear materials fabrication plant".1989129(3)639-40 Comments on "The question of radiation causation of cancer in Hanford workers" by John W. Gofman198140(1)125-7~x An analysis of the mortality of workers in a nuclear facility197979(1)122-48vjb[U Mortality of workers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory199262(3)260-4qe^WQ Exact test for all fourfold tables and comments on Hanford findings of Gofman198039(5)831-5yrke Laws of statistics ignored by statisticians197835(4)582-4cWPIC A note on "Job related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation".198542(2)137-9 Hanford radiation study198239(2)200-2OC<5/ The incidence of cancer and leukaemia in young people in the vicinity of the Sellafield s: further studies since the publication of the report of the Black Advisory Group in 1984.ite, West Cumbria1984 AThe problem of auger emitters for radiological protection200092(1-3)219-228ui`WQ @8An unexpected rise in strontium-90 in US deciduous teeth in the 1990s.2003 Fpddd^ Enter title here2003....( A-bomb survivors: factors that may lead to a re-assessment of the radiation hazard200029(4)708-14^ @wpj A-bomb survivors: reassessment of the radiation hazard. 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Comment on: Radiat Res 1993 Dec;136(3):408-21 ; 8278584 1995141(1)124-6+ P  h r    +/$`"T Low-dose radiation: the Hanford evidence19781(8072)1048-9cWOF@ Job-related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation198542(8)568-9 Comments on "Radiation exposures of Hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes" by TF Mancuso, Alice Stewart and George Kneale197937(2)251-2 Enter title here2003....( Comments on "Review of report by Mancuso, Stewart and Kneale of radiation exposure of Hanford workers" by GB Hutchison et al197937(2)252-3 Correlation between natural radiation exposure and cancer mortality198628(2)129-38|pha[ Health consideerations for workers exposed to plutonium19916(4)681-94oc[UO ?Study of plutonium workers at the Mayak complex in Russia200020(4)464-5qe^WQ Hypothesis generating machine - occupation and mortality19945(1)129k__VP Societal cost of radiation exposure198243(3)405-9[OHA; Radiation exposure and cancer198419(7)159-63, 166, 168-73cWB;5 Lung cancer mortality in uranium miners (methodological aspects)197835(4)579-80yme^X Occupational radiation. British nuclear workers cleared1986323(6088)481qe`UO Re: "Mortality among plutonium and other radiation workers at a plutonium weapons facility"1988127(6)1321-5ys occupational cancers19732(22)1513-4MA92, ?Healthy worker effect200121(3)305-6MA:3-  More hazards of radiation1968279(13)714-5SG@71 ePublic health effects of occupational and environmental radiation exposure1991266(5)652-5wphb Brain tumors at a nuclear facility198527(6)399, 403]QG@: Enter title here2003....( Radiation exposures of Hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes197733369-85skga Radium luminizers - selection effects198527(1)7XLJC= The cancer hazards of inductrial and accidental exposure to radioactive isotopes1964114(2)832-7}vnh %Radiation risk estimates for leukemia and thyroid cancer among Russian emergency workers at Chernobyl199736(3)213-4} ?Invited editorial: health effects of radiation exposure at uranium processing facilities200020(2)95-7}vp A statistical method for testing epidemiological results, as applied to the Hanford worker population197936(5)611-28} Mapping cancer mortality1982284(6330)1707SGA60y~qdWJ=0# zm`SF9, v i \ O B 5 (     r e X K > 1 $  { n a T G : -   w j ] P C 6 )    ment with Australia s Mayne Nickless@. @Ontario, China, South Korea, High-tech, TradeToronto s AMR Technologies Receives Award by Samsung of Korea@]. @[Ontario, Japan, Manufacturing, Foreign Direct Investment, FDICanadian Escalator Manufacturer Opens Marketing Branch in Japanw@m. @Ontario, Hong Kong, AirlineCathay Pacific Aircraft Makes First Transpolar Flight from Canada]@K. @Nova Scotia, NS, Thailand, High-tech, Manufacturing, AgreementsScotiabank Signs Loan Agreement with Thai Electronics Company@o. @Quebec, Indonesia, Japan, Mining, ConstructionSNC Lavalin Bids for Construction of Ferronickel Plant in Indonesiaq@^. @Ontario, Australia, High-tech, AcquisitionsNortel Networks Acquires Australia s Photonic Technologies3@[. x @China, ImmigrationImmigration Minister Credits Talks with Chinese Officials 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